optimization of the adsorption performance of tin selenide nanostructures using response surface methodology and box–behnken design

In this study, the adsorption performance of tin selenide nanostructures was investigated as an efficient nano-adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. tin selenide nanostructures were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and characterized using fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, brunauer–emmett–teller method, and x-ray diffraction techniques to assess their physical and morphological properties. adsorption parameters were optimized using response surface methodology based on the box-behnken model in design expert software. optimal conditions for maximum dye removal were determined as ph 8, a contact time of 50 minutes, and an adsorbent mass of 0.0157 g. kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model (r²= 0.99989) with an initial adsorption rate of 680.28 mg/l and equilibrium achieved in 10 minutes. isotherm analysis showed consistency with both langmuir and freundlich models. the langmuir model indicated a maximum adsorption capacity of 26.66 mg/g and a favorable equilibrium parameter (rl=0.16084). the freundlich model confirmed the favorable and predominantly physical nature of the adsorption. these findings demonstrate the potential of tin selenide nanostructures as efficient and cost-effective adsorbents for dye removal, offering promising applications in environmental remediation.