an overview of the application of gold nanorods in photothermal cancer therapy

Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, necessitating the development of innovative and targeted therapeutic strategies. photothermal therapy (ptt) has emerged as a promising approach, leveraging light-absorbing agents to selectively destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. among these agents, gold nanorods (aunrs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique optical, thermal, and biocompatible properties. aunrs exhibit strong absorption in the nearinfrared (nir) region, enabling deep tissue penetration and efficient conversion of light into localized heat, which induces cancer cell ablation. their surface can be functionalized with targeting ligands, enhancing precision and therapeutic efficacy. however, the cytotoxicity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab), a common surfactant used in aunr synthesis, poses a challenge. recent advancements in surface modification and functionalization have addressed this issue, improving biocompatibility and targeting capabilities. this paper explores the unique properties, functionalization, and therapeutic mechanisms of aunrs in cancer ptt, highlighting their potential in synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. by integrating aunrs with chemotherapeutic agents and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, researchers have developed innovative platforms that enhance tumor targeting, controlled drug release, and therapeutic outcomes. case studies demonstrate the efficacy of aunr-based systems in overcoming drug resistance and improving cancer treatment. this review underscores the transformative potential of aunrs in revolutionizing cancer therapy, offering a minimally invasive, highly effective, and targeted approach to combat this complex disease.