carbon capture and storage: net zero contribution and cost estimation approaches

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (ccus) are a combination of necessary and promising technologies that can help reduce co2 emissions, which are not used on a large scale due to the high cost of solutions.  this article aims to review and analyze carbon capture and storage (ccs) projects in terms of their net zero contribution and cost estimates. the study identified a wide range of cost estimation methods that can be applied to ccs projects and revealed such issues as a lack of standardization, limited data, and cost data variability. still, several common trends were found, including the classification of ccs adopters into low-cost and high-cost industries, cost estimation by ccs step (capture, transportation, storage) and industry (power generation, other sectors), and calculation of relative indices to make comparisons with other decarbonization options. the results of the study can serve as a foundation for developing approaches to estimating the costs of ccs in russia, which are necessary for planning government support measures and involving businesses in the implementation of these initiatives.