green catalysis with organometallic complexes: mechanistic insights and industrial perspectives

Green catalysis utilizing organometallic complexes represents a cornerstone of modern sustainable chemistry, offering significant advancements in environmentally friendly and resource-efficient chemical transformations. this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the mechanistic principles, catalytic performance, and industrial relevance of organometallic catalysts in green chemistry. beginning with an overview of the role and importance of green catalysis, the discussion progresses to the classification, ligand design, and performance attributes, such as stability, selectivity, and tunability of organometallic complexes. key mechanistic pathways, including oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion, and metal-ligand cooperation, are explored in detail, supported by insights from computational and spectroscopic studies. this review further highlights the application of these complexes in essential green transformations, including c–c coupling reactions, hydrogenation, hydrofunctionalization, and co₂ utilization. real-world industrial applications are examined through case studies in pharmaceuticals, polymer synthesis, and renewable feedstock conversion, illustrating both the potential and limitations of these catalysts at scale. additionally, sustainability metrics such as the e-factor, turnover number, and green chemistry indicators are employed to assess the environmental and economic impacts. the review concludes with an exploration of ongoing challenges, such as catalyst deactivation, and discusses future directions involving renewable energy integration, catalyst design innovation, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning for accelerated discovery. collectively, this work underscores the pivotal role of organometallic catalysis in advancing green chemistry from mechanistic understanding to industrial implementation.