green synthesis, characterization, and biological applications of new silver nanoparticles using ceratonia siliqua plant extract

Green synthesis methods employing plant extracts are increasingly favored over chemical approaches due to their eco-friendly and non-toxic nature. in this study, silver nanoparticles (ag-nps) were synthesized using leaves and fruit extracts of ceratonia siliqua, which served as both reducing and stabilizing agents. the nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), scanning electron microscopy (sem), and transmission electron microscopy (tem). ftir confirmed the presence of biomolecules responsible for reduction and stabilization of ag-nps, while sem and tem analyses revealed spherical morphology with average sizes of ~11 nm (leaf extract) and ~12 nm (fruit extract). the biosynthesized ag-nps exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 10.03 ± 0.06 mm against gram-positive and 15.04 ± 0.06 mm against gram-negative bacteria at 75% concentration. antioxidant assays revealed ic₅₀ values of 10.19, 16.49, and 32.41 µg/ml, while anti-inflammatory assays yielded ic₅₀ values of 5.44 and 22.52 µg/ml. cytotoxicity was evaluated by mtt assay on mcf-7 breast cancer cells, showing ic₅₀ values of 147.86 µg/ml (leaf extract) and 148.41 µg/ml (fruit extract). cell viability decreased from 99.9% to ~6% with increasing nanoparticle concentration, while cytotoxicity ranged from 0.1% to 94%. overall, ceratonia siliqua-mediated ag-nps demonstrated potent antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, highlighting their potential as biocompatible agents for biomedical applications.