gold nanoparticles as carriers for sirna delivery in triple-negative breast cancer therapy: a comprehensive organometallic review

Triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and her2 expression. this lack of molecular targets limits the efficacy of conventional therapies, highlighting the need for novel treatment approaches. gold nanoparticles (aunps) have emerged as promising carriers for small interfering rna (sirna) delivery due to their biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and capability to protect sirna from enzymatic degradation. this review examines the mechanisms by which aunps enhance sirna delivery, including improved cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and targeted delivery to cancer cells. recent advances in surface modification strategies aimed at increasing stability, specificity, and delivery efficiency are discussed. key challenges-such as navigating biological barriers and reducing off-target toxicity-are also addressed. additionally, we explored the potential of aunp-based platforms in combinatory therapies, including gene therapy combined with chemotherapy or photothermal treatment. as research advances, aunp-mediated sirna delivery systems provide promising prospects for more effective and personalized tnbc therapies, potentially overcoming the limitations of current treatment modalities.