role of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in treatment of oral cancer: a systematic review

Oral cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and its treatment is associated with challenges such as side effects of conventional methods. innovative approaches like nanotechnology have gained significant attention due to their efficacy and reduced side effects. magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo nps) have found widespread applications in biomedicine due to their high biocompatibility, stability, and promising anticancer properties. all stages of the study were performed according to the prisma guidelines for the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. a comprehensive and extensive review of scientific and research article databases, including pubmed, web of knowledge, google scholar, scopus, and cochrane, was conducted for the period from january 2014 to january 2024. in the four studies reviewed, mgo nps were synthesized via chemical and green synthesis methods with spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 20 to 200 nm. concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 200 μg/ml, ic50 values from 12.5 to 650 μg/ml, and evaluations using mtt assay, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, ao/etbr staining, ros measurement, and scratch assay showed time and concentration dependent anticancer effects of mgo nps. mgo nps, with significant anticancer effects including reduced cell viability, oxidative stress induction, and apoptosis induction, are promising candidates for cancer treatment. the intensity of these effects depends on concentration, exposure time, and evaluation method. although high efficacy is reported in short-term, a decline in performance is observed in long-term. green synthesis or combination with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances the potential for improved treatment outcomes.