بلاغت تکرار در غزل سعدی

تکرار یا تکریر یکی از ویژگی‌های کلام است که در سطوح گوناگون معنایی، نحوی، واژگانی و آوایی قابل بررسی است. تکرار گاه اسباب ابتذال سخن است و گاه موجب اعتلای آن؛ لذا صرف وجود تکرار مایۀ سستی یا قوت کلام نیست و بسته به عوامل گوناگون قابل نقد و سنجش است. در کتب بلاغی قدیم، تکرار بیشتر در علم معانی و کمتر در حوزۀ بدیع مطمح نظر بوده است. در پژوهش‌های امروزین به تکرار، به‌عنوان یک صناعت ویژه، جدا از آرایه‌هایی چون واج‌آرایی، جناس یا امثال آن، کمتر پرداخته شده است. درحالی‌که این ویژگی، یکی از عناصر سبک‌ساز در آثار برخی شاعران است. سعدی از جملۀ سخنورانی است که تکرار –به‌ویژه واژگانی- در سخن او عنصری برجسته است و نقش مهمی در سخن‌سرایی و بلاغت وی دارد؛ اما به‌طور بایسته به این وجه از سخن سعدی توجه نشده است. این تحقیق در پی آن است که به رموز هنری تکرار به‌عنوان یک صناعت ادبی در غزل سعدی بپردازد. بدین منظور، کیفیت تکرار واژه‌ها در غزل سعدی در قالب دوازده شیوه و شگرد دسته‌بندی شد. این دسته‌بندی نشان می‌دهد که سعدی با کاربرد ترفندهای دوازده‌گانة موردنظر این پژوهش، در 72 درصد از موارد تکرار بلاغی ساخته است و در 28 درصد موارد نیز تکرار ساده. همچنین عمدة تکرارهای او جزو مقولة دستوری اسم است و از آن میان «دل»، «سر» و «دوست» به‌ترتیب پربسامدترین آنها هستند.

rhetoric of repetition in saadi’s sonnets

repetition is one of the predominant features of speech that can be examined at different semantic, syntactic, lexical, and phonetic levels. the major aim of the current research is to examine the notion of repetition at the lexical level as an artistic element. throughout the old rhetorical books, repetition was more noticed in pragmatics and less in the field of rhetorics. in more recent researches, however, repetition is stated as a special artistic element, apart from techniques such as alliteration and paronomasia, which have been less discussed. regardless of the dominance of this feature as a stylistic feature in the works of some poets, saadi is one of the orators whose repetition – especially in terms of vocabulary - is a prominent element in his sonnets and plays an important role in his speech and rhetorics. however, this aspect of saadi’s speech has not been addressed. the current research seeks to deal with the artistic codes of repetition as a literary art in saadi’s ghazal. to that end, the quality of the repetition in saadi’s sonnets with respect to vocabulary items was categorized into twelve methods, and an attempt was made to analyze a nu mber of saadi’s rhetorical tehniques of speech in the form of his artistic repetitions. this classification indicates that saadi has made rhetorical repetitions in 72% of the cases and simple repetitions in 28% of the cases by using the 12 tricks presented in this research. also, most of his repetitions are nouns, and among them, &heart&, &head& and &friend& are the most frequent ones. introduction:repetition is one of the features of speech that can be examined at different semantic, syntactic, lexical, and phonetic levels. repetition is sometimes the cause of the vulgarity of the speech and sometimes it leads to elevation. therefore, the existence of repetition is not a sign of weakness or strength of speech, and can be criticized and evaluated depending on various factors. in the old rhetorical books, repetition was more in the pragmatics and less in the field of rhetorics. in today’s researches, repetition as a special artistic element, apart from techniques such as alliteration, paronomasia, or the like, has been less discussed.materials and methods:in the current study, followed by extracting examples of repetition in saadi’s ghazal, with a descriptive-analytical method, the types of saadi’s rhetorical tricks in repetition will be categorized and analyzed. the framework of this research is saadi’s ghazals based on foroughi’s correction. in order to extract evidence, ghazalyat was studied from the beginning and the related evidence was collected. it is not possible to mention all the evidence and under each subject, the evidences in which the desired feature is more obvious are mentioned. as it was declared, the basis of examining the repetition technique is the beyt, and the meaning of repetition is lexical repetition.results and discussion:the major aim of the current strudy is the investigate repetition at the lexical level as an artistic element. saadi is one of the orators whose repetition - especially in the field of vocabulary - is a prominent element in his ghazal and plays an important role in his speech and rhetorics. but, this aspect of saadi’s speech has not been paid attention to. this research seeks to deal with the artistic codes of repetition as a literary art in saadi’s ghazal. for this purpose, the quality of the repetition of words in saadi’s ghazal was categorized into twelve methods and an attempt was made to analyze some of saadi’s rhetoric in the form of his artistic repetitions.conclusion:after exploring examples of repetition in his speech, twelve tricks, categories and examples of his poetry were mentioned under each item. after scruitinizing the cases of repetition in saadi’s speech, it seems that he has created regularity, proportionality, symmetry or artistic addition through repetition. it is rare that he repeats a word in simple ways in his poetry. usually, by adding an artistic seasoning, a syntactic game, construction or other language games and innovations, he has made repetition the sweetest part of his speech.