understanding islamophobia in human rights context: a conceptual analysis of the oic initiatives against hate speech

In the past several decades, islamophobia has emerged as a significant term in both popular and technical discourse. this term, regardless of its original meaning, is a construct that involves a variety of concepts such as “discrimination against muslims” and “hostility toward islam”. this article attempts to explore various aspects and manifestations of islamophobia in the framework of human rights. the first part of this paper examines the historical background of the term as it was developed in the human rights agenda of the organization of islamic cooperation (oic) to comprehend the legal aspects of islamophobia. the second part focuses on the conceptual analysis of islamophobia, distinguishing between two distinct forms of the term in the context of human rights. defining islamophobia and demarcating its manifestations in a human rights framework would facilitate a better understanding of both the term and its conceptual boundaries in relation to similar terms and concepts. the author concludes that the united nations resolutions, oic standards, and european union initiatives recognize the importance of responsible expression and realize the need for legal frameworks to combat all forms of islamophobia. in comparison to other associated terms employed in un and oic human rights instruments, islamophobia represents an inclusive term that can provide a acceptable legal framework for all stakeholders.