واکاوی انتقادی مسئله ی فساد و شفافیت اقتصادی در ایران با تمرکز بر سازوکارهای نظارتی، رسانه ای و مدنی

ﻓﺴﺎد در اﺷﮑﺎل ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن در ﺣﮑﻢ ﺳﺮﻃﺎن وﯾﺮاﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻈﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی و اﺧﻼﻗﯽ، ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺘﯽ و ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ اﻓﻮل و ﻋﺪم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﯿﻔﯽ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻨﯽ ﻋﻠﺖﯾﺎﺑﺎﻧﻪ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ ﻣﺪل ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﺧﻮب در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺪ )در دو ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ و ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻣﺪﻧﯽ و رﺳﺎﻧﻪای( ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ آﻣﺎری و ﻏﯿﺮآﻣﺎری، ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ دو ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ داده ﺷﻮد: ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی در اﯾﺮان از دﻫﻪی 1370 ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎی ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ آن ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ؟ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪﺷﺪن ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از: ﺑﺮوروﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖزده، ﮐﻢ ﮐﺎراﻣﺪ و ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ، ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﻬﺎدی و ﻣﻘﺮرات، ﺳﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺎرﺗﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖزده، ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎی رﺳﺎﻧﻪای، ﻋﺪم آزادی ﺑﯿﺎن و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﺎ راﻧﺖﻫﺎی اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ، ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺟﺪی ﻧﻈﺎرﺗﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدی در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪی ﻣﺪﻧﯽ و اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﺼﺪیﮔﺮی دوﻟﺖ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻫﻤﻪی اﺟﺰای ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪﺷﺪﮔﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی در اﯾﺮان در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎرﮔﺰاران ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪ ﺷﺪن ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی از دﻫﻪی 1370 ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺮانﻫﺎی ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدی- ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﻋﺘﺮاضﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﺻﻨﻔﯽ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ از ﻧﯿﻤﻪی دوم دﻫﻪ 1390 ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮ، ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪی ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮای اﻋﺘﺮاض و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪﮔﺮی ﺑﺮای ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺖ و ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

the critical reappraisal of economic transparency and corruption in iran with emphasis on surveillance, media and civil mechanism

corruption in its various forms, like a destructive cancer for political, social, economic and moral order, is the greatest challenge to legitimacy and the main factor in the decline and lack of political and moral health of governments. in this article, using a qualitative method of an analytical-explanatory causal finding from a political sociological perspective, focusing on the model of good versus bad governance (at two levels of government structure and civil and media activists) and citing statistical and non-statistical evidence, an attempt has been made to answer two basic questions: what are the most important factors affecting the continuation of economic corruption in iran since the 1990s and its political consequences? the research hypothesis is that the most important roots or causes of the institutionalization of economic corruption are: a politicized, inefficient and non-independent bureaucracy, low institutional quality and regulations, independent and politicized supervisory mechanisms, media restrictions, lack of freedom of expression and information with information rents, lack of serious supervisory and functional independence in civil society, and continued government ownership of the economy. the research findings confirm all components of the research hypothesis, namely the relative institutionalization of economic corruption in iran at the level of government and non-government agents. the institutionalization of economic corruption has led to crises of functional-political acceptability since the 1990s. in most social, political, and union street protests since the second half of the 2010s, the issue of economic corruption has become an important factor for protesting and demanding transparency and justice.