influence of bismuth substitution on structural and optical properties of cufe2-xbixo4 spinel structure

Cufe2-xbixo4 (x=0.0-2.0) spinel structures were synthesized using a sol-gel auto-combustion method. the effects of bi3+ substitution on structural and optical properties were investigated using x-ray diffraction, fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and uv-vis spectroscopy. a phase transition was observed in cufe2-xbixo4 with increasing bi content, leading to enhanced lattice parameters a and c due to bi3+ larger ionic radius. as bi substitution increased, the crystallite size decreased due to the reduced mobility and higher mass of bi3+ ions. controlled bi substitution achieved the tunability of structural and optical properties, while local distortions from bi3+ ions in the cufe2o4 lattice increased the optical band gap energy. cufe2-xbixo4 spinel structures show promise for applications in photocatalysis, gas sensors, pigments, and magnetic materials. we will clearly explain what we already know about bi3+-substituted copper ferrite nanoparticles and stress how important it is to fully understand the changes in structure and optical properties that happen when bi3+ is added.