viability in closed loop supply chain network

A closed-loop supply chain (clsc) is a system that considers the entire lifecycle of a product, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. it is a more sustainable approach to supply chain management than a traditional open-loop supply chain, which only considers the forward flow of materials and products. one of the challenges of designing a clsc is ensuring that it is viable. viability refers to the ability of a clsc to meet its economic, environmental, and social objectives. in other words, a viable clsc must be profitable, sustainable, and socially responsible. this paper reviews the literature on viability in clscs. it discusses the factors that affect the viability of clscs, as well as the methods that can be used to improve viability. the paper also presents a case study of a clsc that has been implemented successfully. the paper concludes by discussing the future of clscs and the challenges that need to be addressed in order to make them more viable.