mitigating unsafe behaviors in construction through structured ohs programs: a pls-sem approach

Unsafe behavior is a major contributor to accidents in the construction industry, exacerbating human error and increasing on-site risks. as construction environments evolve with greater human-machine interaction, effective mitigation strategies are essential. this study examines the relationship between occupational health and safety (ohs) program elements and the reduction of unsafe behaviors among construction workers. employing partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem), data were collected from 56 hse experts with extensive experience in the construction sector. the measurement model was validated using cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted, and discriminant validity assessments. results demonstrate a strong model fit (r² = 0.961, srmr = 0.095) and reveal that well-defined policies and objectives are the most critical factors in promoting safe behavior. these findings highlight the pivotal role of structured ohs programs in mitigating risks and provide actionable insights for enhancing safety management practices in construction.