مکتبهای ادبی پیش قراول مکتبهای سیاسی: پیش بینی وجود و مفهوم کودتا در مکبث اثر شکسپیر

ﺷﮑﺴﭙﯿﺮ در ﺳﺎل 1606، ﭘﺪﯾﺪه و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﮐﻮدﺗﺎ را ﮐﻤﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪﺑﺎر ﺷﺎه ﻟﯿﺮ و ﻣﺪّتﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺻﻄﻼح وارد ﻋﺮﺻﻪی ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﺎ اﺟﺮای ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﮑﺒﺚ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ در ﺗﻼش اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﯿّﺖ و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮐﻮدﺗﺎ در ﻣﮑﺒﺚ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ از ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺎﻋﺮاﻧﻪی اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ را از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ زﻣﯿﻨﻪای از ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺰون ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ اﺻﻠﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺟﺎهﻃﻠﺒﯽ و ﻋﻄﺶ ﻗﺪرت، اﻋﺘﻤﺎد و وﻓﺎداری را ﺑﻪ ﺧﯿﺎﻧﺖ و دوﺳﺘﯽ را ﺑﻪ دﺷﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﻪ اﻣﯿﺪﻫﺎ و آﻣﺎل را در دﻧﯿﺎی ﺧﯿﺎﻟﯽ و واﻗﻌﯽ از ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺑﺮد. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﺴﭙﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﮑﻪی اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ از ﺧﻄﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺧﯿﺎﻧﺖ ژﻧﺮالﻫﺎﯾﺶ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪّت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﻋﺘﻤﺎدش ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪی آﻧﺎن آﺑﺴﺘﻦ اﻓﮑﺎر ﭘﻠﯿﺪی ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺎهﻃﻠﺒﯽ ﻣﮑﺒﺚ ﺑﻮد، ﻫﺸﺪار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﺷﮑﺴﭙﯿﺮ، اﻓﺮاد را ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪرت زﯾﺎد و رواﺑﻂ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ، اﻋﺘﻤﺎد و وﻓﺎداری در ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻃﺮاﻓﺸﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﺸﺪ، اﻣّ ﺎ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز در درون ﺳﮑﻨﯽ ﮔﺰﯾﺪه، ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ اداﻣﻪی ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ، ﺧﻨﺠﺮ زدن از ﭘﺸﺖ )ﺧﯿﺎﻧﺖ( ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﺸﻬﻮد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، اﻣّ ﺎ ﺑﺮای ﭘﺎدﺷﺎه داﻧﮑﻦ، ﻣﺠ ﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﻧﻈﺮﯾّ ﻪﭘﺮدازان ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻨﮕﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﻣﮑﺒﺚ ﺷﮑﺴﭙﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽﺗﺮ و ﻋﺘﯿﻖﺗﺮی ﺑﺮای ﮐﻮدﺗﺎ در ﻟﻐﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی ﺧﻮد اراﺋﻪ دﻫﻨﺪ؛ ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪی ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ دارد ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ دﻗﯿﻘﯽ از ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﺗﺮاژدی ﺷﮑﺴﭙﯿﺮ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﮑﺒﺚ ﺑﻪ آن ﺑﭙﺮدازد.

the politics-predating anticipation of coup d'état in literature in shakespeare's macbeth

not only does power blind but so does the ambition to clutch and obtain it. “what hands are here? ha! they pluck out mine eyes!” macbeth confessed his confusion which was born of the illusion of power. written and performed in 1606, shakespeare’s macbeth predicted the phenomenon and concept of coup d’état. all that he says and acts throughout this play captures the telltale essence and soul of what people came to understand and feel many years later, namely, the coup d’état. macbeth’s desire for kingship and the throne led to illusion, madness and, eventually, loss. the bard of avon visualized the unlawful seizure of power two centuries before the political terminology of coup d’état appeared in english texts in the 19th century. this paper is an attempt at investigating the nature and the elements of coup d’état in macbeth and appreciates the poetic prediction of this political concept through a contextual analysis of the main character’s tragic fate. the alchemy of ambition and the thirst for power convert trust into treachery, fidelity into treason, friendship into feud, demolishing all hopes and horizons for the state in the fictitious and real world alike. backstabbing becomes very evident as the play moves on, but it is too late for king duncan to prevent it. political theorists could hence look a little farther back in history to draw on shakespeare’s macbeth and propose an earlier and predating definition for coup d’état, as the current article intends to look at by a close content analysis of the textual evidence in shakespeare’s tragedy, macbeth.