نقش آلاینده‌ها بر سلامت و محیط ‌زیست با تاکید بر تاب‌آوری اجتماعی (مطالعه بر اساس آلاینده‌ها در شهر اراک)

توجه به تاثیر آلاینده‌ها بر سلامت انسان از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. آلاینده‌های موجود در منابع طبیعی همچون حوزه‌های آبخیز و هوا می‌تواند برای اکوسیستم‌ها و انسان‌ها خطرات جبران‌ناپذیر و طولانی مدتی را به همراه داشته باشد. غلظت بالای فلزات سنگین همچون کروم، آهن، روی و غیره که از طریق فاضلاب‌های صنعتی در محیط تخلیه می‌شوند حوزه‌های آبخیز را در وضعیت نامساعدی قرار داده و سلامت انسان‌ها را تهدید می‌کند؛ از طرفی آلودگی هوا امروزه به صورت یکی از مشکلات بزرگ زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی در سراسر جهان مطرح شده و این مسئله به‌ویژه در شهرهای بزرگ صنعتی، به صورت مشکل جدی‌تری مطرح می‌شود. آلودگی هوا سبب افزایش شدت انواع بیماری‌های تنفسی، پوستی، ضعف جسمانی و بسیاری امراض دیگر شده است؛ همچنین باعث افزایش بی‌رویه هزینه‌های جاری به‌منظور حذف این آلودگی‌ها می‌شود. پژوهشگران به نقش آلودگی هوا بر ابعاد روانی و اجتماعی سلامت نیز توجه داشته‌اند. به همین دلیل هدف این پژوهش بررسی و مقایسه تاثیر آلودگی هوا بر میزان تاب‌آوری اجتماعی شهروندان مناطق شهر اراک در سال 98 - 1397 بود. در این پژوهش از روش توصیفی (علی– مقایسه‌ای) استفاده شد و جامعه آماری شامل همه شهروندان شهر اراک بود که تعداد نمونه‌ها با روش نمونه‌گیری داوطلبانه 283 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. از مجموع داده‌های شاخص‌های آلودگی هوا در طول یک سال سه شاخص co، no2، pm2.5 انتخاب شد. پرسش‌نامه تاب‌آوری اجتماعی محقق ساخته با 50 سوال و تایید روایی صوری و محتوایی آن توسط کارشناسان و ضریب پایایی 78/0 مورد تایید و در شش منطقه شهر شامل مناطق دارای ایستگاه ارزیابی توزیع گردید. در تحلیل داده‌ها از آماره‌های رگرسیون، تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره و نرم‌افزار spss استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد وضعیت مناطق از نظر آلودگی هوا خوب و متوسط بوده و میانگین میزان تاب‌آوری اجتماعی در سطح متوسط برآورد شد. بنابر یافته‌ها، شاخص‌های آلودگی هوا به‌عنوان متغیری مهم بر تاب‌آوری اجتماعی شناخته شد.

the role of pollutants on health and the environment with emphasis on social resilience (a study based on pollutants in arak)

extended abstractintroduction: paying attention to the impact of pollutants on human health is of particular importance. air pollution is now one of the significant environmental and economic problems globally, and this crisis is more severe in large industrial cities. air pollution has caused a sharp increase in various respiratory and skin diseases, congenital disabilities, physical weakness, and many other diseases. on the other hand, the costs to eliminate these pollutions are remarkable (rouhi khezri, 2014). finding the optimal emission limits has always been a challenging issue for economic planners and city managers for two reasons. first, there is a desire for the economic development of each city (and the country at higher levels). second, the strength and resilience of the city towards the absorption of the pollutants is a limiting factor. not paying attention to this principle and imposing more pollutants than the ability to absorb and purify the ecosystem cause severe air pollution with harmful effects on humans and the environment (ghodsi ma’ab, 2016). considering that arak city has been introduced as one of the most polluted cities in the world according to the statistics of the world health organization, especially in terms of particulate matter (rezaei vandchali et al., 2017), studies on the effects of air pollution on social resilience of this city can be useful for proper city management and community health.materials and methods: the city of arak is the capital of the markazi province and is located in the southwest of tehran province, at a distance of 288 km. arak covers an area of 98.7178 km2, 4.24% of the total area of the province. the city of arak is located on the orbit of 34° and 5ʹ and 30ʺ in the northern hemisphere of the equator and on the meridian 49° and 41ʹ and 30ʺ east longitude of the greenwich meridian. the plateau of arak has an area of 5400 km2, of which 2400 km2 includes the high plain of arak, and the rest is the heights around arak. this study aimed to investigate the effects of air pollution on the social resilience of residents in arak in 2019. the method of research was descriptive in a causal comparative form, using a questionnaire. the population included all arak residents and 283 volunteer respondents (153 females and 125 males) filled in the questionnaire which was done by voluntary sampling method. the social resilience questionnaire included 50 questions representing 50 research variables in eleven aspects: social solidarity, awareness, resource diversity, flexibility, security, trust, communication, participation, social support, social solidarity, and air pollution (table 3). the validity of the questionnaire was investigated by the experts in the field and was confirmed after reviewing the proposed amendments. moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by calculating the cronbach’s alpha method, and its value was 0.78. therefore, the social resilience questionnaire could be implemented in the population. the questionnaire also gathered the respondents’ demographic information, including age, gender, residence history, education level, ownership status, and occupation.results and discussion: three hypotheses were proposed to investigate the effects of air pollution on the social resilience of citizens in various regions of arak. to investigate the hypotheses, using the data of environment organization of markazi province, air quality indicators in 2019 were received from three active stations of ostandari, shariati, and horiba. three indicators of co, no2, and pm2.5 were selected as air quality indicators based on most of the daily data reported during the year. after selecting the social resilience variables and evaluating the questionnaire’s validity and reliability, first, three regions related to three active stations, and for comparison, three more regions in the study area, namely, hepco, mokhaberat, and aqil abad, were considered during the investigations. the copies of the prepared questionnaire were distributed among the regions’ residents who volunteered to respond to the questions. it can be said that only the third hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the effect of air pollution indicators (co, no2 and pm2.5) on social resilience of residents in various regions of arak was confirmed, which was in line with the results of suarez et al. (2016), johnson jr (2004), pluhar et al. (2009), ghorbani et al. (2017) and mehranpour ebrahimi ghavamabadi. (2016). in explaining the result of the third hypothesis, we can refer to the living conditions of the citizens. as an industrial center of the country with a large number of factories and urban traffic, especially with outdated vehicles that have increased pollutants, arak has faced warning conditions due to increasing pollutants with impacts on climate change, environment, and human health.