advancements in 3d bioprinting for functional tissue engineering in regenerative medicine

3d bioprinting is a breakthrough fabrication technology in regenerative medicine it offers great promise for fabricating hierarchical and heterogeneous tissues and organs with similar architecture as those of the natural ones. this review discusses recent advances in 3d bioprinting and the progress made for fabricating functional tissues, which have regenerative therapy applications. we cover the development of bioprinting methodologies, bioink composition and optimization, and incorporation of cellular and molecular signals for improving tissue function. an overview of the literature on key applications in skin, cartilage, bone and cardiovascular tissues is provided, including both preclinical achievements and clinical barriers/goals. in addition, we also talk about the contribution of bioprinted tissues for drug screening, disease modelling and personalized medicine. regulatory and ethical aspects associated with the clinical translation of bioprinted tissues are also highlighted in this review. we present an up-to-date analysis of the recent literature (including studies from nature, the lancet, and bmc) as well as a data-rich viewpoint on 3d bioprinting to date in regenerative medicine.