investigation of factors influencing the natural ventilation pattern of traditional houses emphasis on the orientation of the central courtyard

The central courtyard, a defining feature of traditional iranian architecture, plays a crucial role in environmental adaptation by enhancing natural ventilation in surrounding spaces. its design integrates various physical configurations that facilitate airflow and temperature regulation, making it particularly effective in hot and arid climates. the methodology of this research is designed to comprehensively examine the natural ventilation performance of central courtyards in traditional iranian houses. this study examines the physical structure of courtyards in yazd's traditional houses, analyzing how their architectural elements interact with wind dynamics. the methodology integrates experimental strategies, simulations, and case studies to analyze the relationship between the physical characteristics of courtyards and their airflow dynamics. through a mixed-method approach combining experimental measurements, computational simulations, and case studies, this research explores the correlation between courtyard orientation and ventilation efficiency. the findings show that variations in wind direction can significantly amplify wind speed, often tripling its velocity. however, when the courtyard's main axis aligns tangentially with the prevailing wind direction, unexpected reductions in wind speed occur due to altered aerodynamic behavior. these insights underscore the importance of strategic courtyard design in maximizing passive cooling and airflow efficiency in traditional architecture, contributing to more sustainable urban planning in similar climatic regions. results show that by refining traditional courtyard designs based on a deeper understanding of airflow behavior, architects can improve passive cooling strategies and overall environmental performance. future research should examine additional architectural variables, including courtyard height-to-width ratios and surface materials, to further advance sustainable design methodologies.