explanation of indicators affecting the improvement of indoor air quality in central courtyard houses in a hot and humid climate, emphasizing the concept of natural ventilation using the fuzzy delphi method

Houses located in hot and humid climates, such as those in iran, greatly benefit from having a central courtyard, which fulfills both functional and aesthetic roles. the incorporation of natural ventilation, particularly through central courtyards, is acknowledged as an effective method for enhancing indoor air quality while reducing energy consumption. by strategically situating windows and openings around the courtyard, architects can utilize prevailing wind patterns, thereby facilitating the movement of fresh air throughout the living spaces. this study employs a descriptive-analytical approach with a focus on development, particularly in elucidating the theoretical foundations, proposed models, and frameworks relevant to this topic. following a thorough examination of theoretical foundations and a review of the existing literature, alongside an emphasis on clearly defining objectives without redundancy, key factors were identified. these were derived from the research framework and were validated through the delphi method, resulting in a model of final indicators. the findings indicate that experts and stakeholders identified the size of the courtyard, the number and configuration of rooms, and the design of the roof as the most significant factors affecting indoor air quality in central courtyard houses. these elements received high average scores of 4.30, 4.28, and 4.27, respectively, underscoring their impact on promoting natural ventilation. future research may focus on exploring the interrelationships among these indicators in specific case studies, allowing for broader generalization of the results.