enhancing high-performance computing (hpc) security: a compre- hensive review of detection and protection strategies

The escalating demand for high-performance computing (hpc) systems and data analysis across diverse scientific domains has amplified network security issues that need to be addressed urgently. this study provides an in-depth exploration of security challenges, prevalent threats, and exploitable vulnerabilities in hpc systems. in the pursuit of fortifying high-performance computing (hpc) systems, the methodologies delineated in this study hold potential applicability. these strategies, which can be systematically classified into detection and protection categories, are designed to counteract a diverse range of vulnerabilities and threats inherent in hpc systems. this paper offers a comprehensive review and summarization of these strategies, encapsulated within a taxonomy diagram. subsequent sections provide an in-depth exploration of some of the major subjects within this taxonomy. the paper presents two major approaches for software fault detection in hpc systems: static analysis and dynamic analysis. the paper also discusses the use of different monitoring systems by hpc system administrators to identify and stop malicious activities. the paper highlights that most software threats and insider attacks that aim to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (cia) of hpc systems can be detected by monitoring. it mentions dpem and varan as examples of monitoring systems developed to combat runtime attacks and provide low performance overhead suitable for hpc systems, respectively. this paper discusses the protection strategies for hpc systems. it emphasizes the importance of access control, randomization, control flow integrity, multi-execution, and fault tolerance. in addition to the challenges of traditional hpc systems, the paper discusses some issues in cloud-based hpc systems, such as virtualization overhead and multi-tenancy. this paper also explores the most recent and relevant research for enhancing hpc security from software and hardware perspectives, and summarizes some important and outstanding case studies conducted in different countries /regions by focusing on hpc security in recent years. by offering a detailed taxonomy and a robust security management model, this study aims to empower researchers and system administrators with the knowledge and tools necessary to safeguard their hpc systems and the sensitive data they process.