تحلیل بینانشانه‌ای عکاسی: مقدمه‌ای بر شاخص‌های درون متنی و برون متنی

عکس به ‌عنوان زیرمجموعه‌ای از نشانه‌های تصویری و زبان نوشتاری نیز به‌عنوان بخشی از سیستم نشانه‌ای، در یک نظام مشترک قرار می‌گیرند که وجه اشتراکشان نشانه بودن آن‌هاست. ترجمه بینانشانه‌ای به‌عنوان گردش معنا بین نظام‌های مختلف روشی ارتباطی بین منابع نشانه‌شناختی، از جمله زبان و تصویر است. مقاله پیش رو ‌نیز با استفاده از آموزه‌های بینانشانه‌ای، عکاسی را از منظر صورت و فرم، مضمون و ارتباط فرامتنی با تاریخ و فرهنگ، مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار داده و روابط میان نشانه‌های نوشتاری و تصویری درون اثر را به صورت درون متنی و فرامتنی مورد کاوش قرار می‌دهد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارائه تحلیلی زبان‌شناسانه از دیدگاه بینانشانه‌ای در عکاسی، و تعمیم قواعد و ساختارهای حاکم در نشانه‌ی زبانی بر نشانه‌های تصویری، برای دست‌یافتن به تحلیلی جامع است. در این رویکرد جهت تحلیل بیانشانه‌ای عکاسی شاخصه‌هایی طرح می‌شود و در ادامه با به کارگیری این شاخصه‌ها یکی از عکسهای کتاب نگاهی به عکس‌ها اثر جان سارکوفسکی به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، مورد مطالعه قرار می‌گیرد. در نهایت روش بینانشانه‌ای به‌عنوان یک روش بررسی قابل‌اتکا در زمینه‌ی تحلیل بین نظام‌های مختلف معرفی می‌شود که با بررسی همزمان تصویر، متون و سایر زمینه‌های جانبی، مخاطب را در فهم همه‌جانبه‌ی عکس‌ها یاری می‌دهد.

intersemiotic analysis of photography: an introduction to intratextual and extratextual indicator

semiotics, which in its basic definition means the systematic study of sign processes (semiosis) and meaning-making, it includes sciences that consist of signs, so that it can deal with the original meaning as well as the semantic relationships between different signs while deciphering. according to this definition, we can place language and image under the set of semiotics, what they both have in common is their sign. on the other hand, photos as a subset of visual signs are included in our semiotics definition. as a result, language or pictures can be examined and analyzed in the science of semiotics.but if we want to advance in this study and examine the relationship between these two semiotic sciences, we need an analysis beyond their semiotics examination, because the science of semiotics examines the relationship between different signs only under the condition that their signs are defined within a single sign system. on the other hand interdisciplinary studies have a special place and importance due to the comprehensiveness of the study community and also the connection it establishes between different sciences to realize a single goal. the result of this type of study is more reliable than its one-dimensional investigation and has a higher reference value, because by researching various aspects of a work, seeking to prove or reject an approach, obtaining deep and detailed information about the subject or even in some cases, we seek to ensure the result of its one-dimensional studies. for this reason, in this research, in order to achieve a correct and comprehensive analysis of the photo, we go beyond the sign system that has been the focus of photo reading for years to achievea precise linguistic analysis simultaneously studying the written text alongside visual text. examination the relationship between two different semiotic systems (provided that both systems consist of signs) is the responsibility of “intersemiotic” analysis. cognitive intersemiotic translation as the circulation of meaning between different systems is a method of communication between semiotic resources, including language and image. in this type of translation, we deal with the meaning making and connection between these two systems by examining the signs in the language and the picture at the same time. this topic has a special place in interdisciplinarity studies. this research intends to analyze texts by relying on intersemiotic translation, where photos and text are presented simultaneously to present a specific approach.the aim of this research is the linguistic analysis of photographs, and the approach we have taken to study between systems in this research is intersemiotic translation. using intersemiotic studies, we analyze photography from the perspective of linguistics, and finally present the relationships that exist between written and visual signs in the work and give meaning to it. in order to make the subject more understandable, after a complete review of intersemiotic translation and introduction of its uses, we will analyze a sample of the book looking at photos by john szarkowski. this book has been chosen as a reviewable example for several reasons: the most important reason is that in this book, text and photos are equally important, which is the best choice for a correct intersemiotic analysis; in this book, szarkowski analyzes and examines the works of photographers from all over the world, the remarkable thing is that this book contains selected works exhibited in the museum of modern art in new york and all the works are worth analyzing and studying. on the other hand, sarkovsky has not only used the photos of well-known photographers to select these works, but he has put together a workable collection of works by photographers from all over the world, through which we see valuable photos of different genres. all these and other points that we discuss in detail in the text are the reason for choosing this book as an analyzable example for intersemiotic translation. in order to provide intersemiotic translation, it is necessary to introduce indicators for correct analysis. the point that is relevant in the selection of these indicators and it was mentioned before is that these indicators simultaneously examine textual and visual signs and even side signs outside of the text and image and a review comprehensive to provide an insightful analysis. in general, this article deals with intersemiotic analysis between text and photo, but this is only a part of the application of intersemiotic translation. intersemiotic analysis is possible in any field and has a comprehensive function, even in daily life and improving teaching methods. and all these points are the reason for examining intersemiotic translation, which we discuss in detail in the text.