واکاوی مفهوم «گروتسک» در ادبیات و نقاشی (دورۀ رنسانس)

گروتسک سبکی خارق العاده از هنر تزیینی برجای مانده از روم باستان است که دوباره احیا شده و در پایان قرن پانزدهم و اوایل قرن شانزدهم میلادی مورد استفاده بسیار زیادی قرار گرفته است. در گونة ادبیات گروتسکی، مفاهیمی نظیر: وحشت آفرینی، طنز، هجو، مبالغه، ابزورد، تحریف واقعیت و نظایر آن دیده می شود. استفاده از اصطلاح گروتسک به کاریکاتور نیز گسترش می یابد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، ارائه مفاهیم گوناگون از دیدگاه های برخی از اندیشه نگاران گروتسک در حوزه ادبی و همچنین آشکار ساختن دیدگاه بصری بعضی از نقاشان رنسانس سده های پانزدهم و شانزدهم میلادی نسبت به آن است. گروتسک را می توان تردیدی بین مفهوم ترس و کمدی تعریف کرد که هرگز به طور کامل به یکی پایبند نمی ماند و دیگری را نیز به طور واقعی رد نمی کند. دور شدن از مدل های کلاسیکِ نظم، تعقل، هماهنگی، تعادل و شکل، خطر ورود به جهان گروتسک را زیاد می کند. گروتسک می تواند تقریباً از هر نظریه ای پشتیبانی کند. گروتسک در آثار تصویری رنسانس اغلب شامل نوعی تلفیق و ترکیب انسان با حیوانات، گیاهان، اشیاء، عناصر طبیعت یا ترکیبات دیگر است. این پژوهش به شیوة توصیفی و تا حدودی تحلیلی انجام گرفته است.

a study on the concept of grotesque in literature and painting (renaissance)

the purpose of this study is to present various concepts from the views of some grotesque thinkers in the field of literature and also to reveal the visual views of some renaissance painters of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ad.  the grotesque is an extraordinary style of decorative art left over from ancient rome that has been revived and used extensively in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. the grotesque has appeared in the ancient mythology, culture and art of all nations. grotesque in art and literature may refer to something that simultaneously evokes a strangely disturbing feeling as well as compassionate pity in the audience. in the genre of grotesque literature, concepts such as: horror, humor, satire, exaggeration, absurdity, distortion of reality and the like are seen in different layers. the characteristics defined for the grotesque are intertwined in some cases and may simultaneously have contradictory internal elements, for example: at the same time ridiculous and scary, real and imaginary. the most important feature of grotesque can also be expressed as follows: the simultaneous presence of laughter and something that is not compatible with laughter.the grotesque source in literature can be seen in the ability of man and the use of his talent and power of perception and imagination to find a unique and powerful charm in monsters and monsters. the psychological reasons for this tendency are not entirely clear, but the tendency itself has had a profound effect on different cultures, from the most primitive societies to the most complex cultures. no genre has matched the grotesque more than gothic. gothic style is often associated with grotesque, as both describe order in disorder. gothic is sometimes so associated with the grotesque that it is sometimes confused. the use of the term “grotesque”, which was extended to literature in the sixteenth century, and especially to caricature, therefore, the expansion of caricature brings another broad meaning to the grotesque, which is synonymous with bizarre, unnatural, ridiculous, funny. and it becomes a caricature. grotesque spread to many parts of europe with the help of gravure and its reproduction. the grotesque made its way into most of the arts and appeared on many decorative works, illustrations of manuscripts (even religious and sacred), plaster reliefs of palaces and churches, and more.