nonlinear buckling analysis of different types of porous fg sandwich beams with temperature-dependent

In this paper, the nonlinear buckling behavior of two types of functionally graded sandwich beams was studied using a high-order sandwich beam theory. type i consists of functionally graded layers coating a homogeneous core, while type ii features an fg core covered by homogeneous face sheets. all materials are considered temperature dependent, with fgm properties modified through even and uneven porosity distributions modeled by a power law rule. the sandwich beam theory was adjusted to account for nonlinear lagrange strains, thermal stresses of the face sheets, in-plane strain, and the transverse flexibility of the core. the governing equations were derived from the minimum potential energy principle, and a galerkin method was employed to solve them for simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. comparisons with existing literature demonstrate good agreement. the resultes showed that critical load parameter decreases with increasing temperature, power law index, length-to-thickness ratio, thickness, and porosity volume fraction in both distributions, but increases with the wave number. additionally, the stability of type ii sandwich beams surpasses that of type i in high-temperature conditions.