a combined intervention of aerobic training and pineapple extract attenuates pd-1 expression in the melanoma tumor microenvironment, independent of systemic il-10

This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of aerobic training (at) and pineapple supplementation (extract) on programmed cell death protein 1 (pd-1) gene expression within the tumor microenvironment and on systemic interleukin-10 (il-10) levels in a murine melanoma model. twenty c57bl/6 mice were randomly assigned into four groups (n=5 per group) following melanoma tumor induction: tumor control, at, pineapple supplement (ps), and at+ps. the at group underwent a structured aerobic training program, while the ps group received pineapple extract (300 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for six weeks. serum il-10 concentrations were quantified by elisa, and pd-1 mrna expression in tumor tissue was analyzed using quantitative rt-pcr. all intervention groups—at, ps, and their combination—resulted in a significant downregulation of pd-1 gene expression within the tumor compared to the control group (p < 0.05). in contrast, neither at nor ps alone significantly altered systemic il-10 levels. the combination therapy (at+ps) produced the most pronounced suppression of pd-1 and was the only intervention to elicit a significant, though modest, reduction in serum il-10. these findings indicate that the primary immunomodulatory effect of these interventions is localized to the tumor microenvironment and is largely independent of systemic il-10 signaling. the synergistic combination of aerobic training and pineapple supplementation potently suppresses pd-1 gene expression, suggesting a promising, non-pharmacological strategy for enhancing anti-tumor immunity. further investigation is required to confirm these effects at the protein level and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.