differential changes in serum levels of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-17 ratio in overweight pregnant women and their fetuses after home-based exercise training

This study investigates the effect of home-based combined exercise on the transforming growth factor-β/interleukin-17 ratio (tgf-β/il-17) in maternal serum during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, as well as in umbilical cord blood. thirty overweight pregnant women were randomly allocated to control and training groups. blood samples were collected during each trimester of pregnancy and from the umbilical cord at birth. fitness-related indicators were assessed in the mother throughout pregnancy. newborn health indicators were measured at birth. the levels of il-17 and tgf-β were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and specialized kits. the exercise training significantly reduced tgf-β levels (p=0.011, effect size=1.22) and the tgf-β/il-17 ratio (p=0.045, effect size=0.79) in the third trimester in mothers. similarly, this ratio decreased in the fetus, accompanied by an increase in il-17 levels (p = 0.038, effect size = 0.93). these immune changes were associated with improved maternal cardiovascular fitness and higher apgar scores at 5 minutes for newborns (p<0.05). obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy are linked to inflammatory responses and elevated cytokine levels, which may increase the risk of complications for the mother. this study highlights the long-term benefits of maternal exercise, evidenced by reduced inflammatory responses and improved neonatal health outcomes, as reflected in apgar scores.