argument from design based on the calculus of probabilities

One of the premises of the argument from design is the need for the order of a designer. this premise has been explained in various ways, one of which is the calculus of probabilities. it posits that the likelihood of an ordered thing coming into existence by chance is so low that human beings consider it nearly impossible; therefore, this order requires an intelligent designer. however, some contemporary muslim philosophers, such as ayatollah jawādī āmulī, along with certain western philosophers, have contested the validity of the calculus of probabilities. they argue that the calculus of probabilities does not reveal reality but is merely practically useful. they assert that undesigned states have the same probability as designed states. in this article, i address these objections, refute them, and ultimately demonstrate the soundness of the argument from design based on the calculus of probabilities.