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   Oughts and Ends  
   
نویسنده Finlay Stephen
منبع تاملات اخلاقي - 1400 - دوره : 2 - شماره : 3 - صفحه:145 -177
چکیده    This paper advances a reductive semantics for ‘ought’ and a naturalistic theory of normativity. it gives a unified analysis of predictive, instrumental, and categorical uses of ‘ought’: the predictive ‘ought’ is basic, and is interpreted in terms of probability. instrumental ‘oughts’ are analyzed as predictive ‘oughts’ occurring under an ‘in order that’ modifier (the end-relational theory). the theory is then extended to categorical uses of ‘ought’: it is argued that they are special rhetorical uses of the instrumental ‘ought’. plausible conversational principles explain how this end-relational ‘ought’ can perform the expressive functions of the moral ‘ought’. the notion of an ‘ought-simpliciter’ is also discussed.
کلیدواژه Ought ,Normativity ,End-Relational Theory ,Semantics And Pragmatics ,Hypothetical Imperative ,Categorical Imperative ,Probability ,Reductive Naturalism ,Deontic Modals
آدرس Australian Catholic University, Dianoia Institute Of Philosophy, Australia
پست الکترونیکی stephen.finlay@acu.edu.au
 
   Oughts and Ends  
   
Authors Finlay Stephen
Abstract    This paper advances a reductive semantics for ‘ought’ and a naturalistic theory of normativity. It gives a unified analysis of predictive, instrumental, and categorical uses of ‘ought’: the predictive ‘ought’ is basic, and is interpreted in terms of probability. Instrumental ‘oughts’ are analyzed as predictive ‘oughts’ occurring under an ‘in order that’ modifier (the end-relational theory). The theory is then extended to categorical uses of ‘ought’: it is argued that they are special rhetorical uses of the instrumental ‘ought’. Plausible conversational principles explain how this end-relational ‘ought’ can perform the expressive functions of the moral ‘ought’. The notion of an ‘ought-simpliciter’ is also discussed.
Keywords Ought ,Normativity ,End-Relational Theory ,Semantics and Pragmatics ,Hypothetical imperative ,categorical imperative ,Probability ,Reductive naturalism ,Deontic modals
 
 

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