callus formation in kochia (kochia scopora l.) under different hormone concentrations and explant types

Kochia is recently used as a forage and medicinal plant resistant to environmental stresses such as salinity and drought. one of the techniques used in biotechnology and plant breeding is tissue culture. based on this, callus formation and regeneration of kochia under the influence of hormonal factors and explants types was conducted in a factorial experiment on a completely randomized design with hormonal treatments (9 levels) and explants (3 levels) in 5 replications. after 70 days, the explants were examined for different traits and determined the most suitable explant for callus production. according to the results regarding changes in the percentage of leaf callus formation, the greatest increase was in ms + 0.5 mg/l kin + 1 mg/l naa treatment. for callus formation and percentage of direct rooting, there is a significant difference between leaf explants, cotyledon and hypocotyl. but for the percentage of direct regeneration and the percentage of shoot formation, a significant difference has been observed between the leaf explant with cotyledon and the hypocotyl. the results showed that the highest degree of callus formation occurred in the treatment of ms + 0.5 mg/l kin + 1 mg/l naa in the leaf and the axis of the cotyledon, and then in the treatments ms + 1 mg/l naa and ms + 0.05 mg/l ba + 0.5 mg/l naa is in the organs of cotyledon and the hypocotyl. finally, 2,4-d could lead to more callus formation of the kochia and it was observed that no callus formation was done in treatments without hormones. although, to optimize callus formation and regeneration in this plant, it is suggested to also test the effects of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and photoperiod, and different levels of growth hormones such as iba and ga3.