تبیین سازوکار تاثیر فرهنگ بر درک خلاقیت اثر معماری با نظریۀ اعتباریات

خلاقیت از دغدغه‌های همیشگی هنرمندان و معماران در دوره‌های مختلف تاریخ بوده است. تعاریف زیادی از خلاقیت ارائه شده و بناهای زیادی در طول تاریخ خلاقانه یا فاقد خلاقیت شناخته شده‌اند. در این میان، نکتۀ مهم درک و فهم خلاقیت است، زیرا خلاقیت و معماری، هرگز مجرد از زمینه و جامعۀ خود ارزیابی نمی‌شوند. معماری به عنوان یک محصول فرهنگی زاییدۀ اندیشه، حامل اندیشه و تجلی اندیشه در قالب بستری برای زندگی انسانی است. هر ابتکاری در معماری، با در نظر گرفتن مخاطب و فرهنگ مردم است که در یک جامعه توفیق پیدا می‌کند، خلاقیت معماری نیز در سایۀ توجه به فرهنگ و عواملی چون معانی، الگوها و سبک‌های زندگی امکان موفقیت و به بار نشستن پیدا می‌کند. در این نوشتار به تحلیل چگونگی تاثیر فرهنگ بر درک خلاقیت اثر معماری پرداخته شده است. خلاقیت معماری شامل ارائۀ فرم، فضا یا محیطی است که در عین نوآوری مفید و مناسب باشد و مفید بودن فضای معماری به قابلیت پاسخگویی آن در برابر نیازهای انسان بستگی دارد. طبق یافته های تحقیق، فرهنگ، اعتباریات لازم جهت کنش معماری را فراهم می‌کند و زمینه را جهت تولید اثر معماری ایجاد می‌کند. اگر اثر معماری دارای قابلیت‌هایی باشد که با معانی کاربران منطبق باشند و نیازهای آن ها از معماری را به شیوه‌ای نو مرتفع سازد، آن معماری سبب به وجود آمدن اعتباریات جدید شده و به عنوان اثری خلاقانه درک می‌شود. از سوی دیگر معماری‌ای که از سوی مردم خلاقانه درک می‌شود نیز بر فرهنگ آن ها اثر می‌گذارد. این فرایند به صورت چرخشی ادامه می‌یابد و سازوکار تاثیر فرهنگ بر معماری را تشکیل می‌دهد.

Explaining the Mechanism of the Effect of Culture on Understanding the Creativity of the Architectural Work with the Theory of E'tebariat

Creativity has been a constant concern for artists and architects throughout history. Many definitions of creativity have been proposed, and many buildings throughout history have been known to be creative or uncreative. In this regard, the main point is to judge and evaluate creativity. Because creativity and architecture are never evaluated in isolation from their context and society. Architecture as a cultural product, is generated by thought, it is the carrier of thought and the manifestation of thought in the form of a bedrock for human life. Knowing that the goal of any type of architecture is ultimately human life, any innovation in architecture, succeeds in a society only by considering the audience and the culture of the people. Thus the meanings, patterns, lifestyles and the culture of the people are essential in this sense, because without such things it would be impossible to understand any new and innovative solutions. In this article, while reviewing the various definitions and concepts that have been presented about culture and creativity of architecture, the analysis of how culture influences the understanding of creativity in architecture is discussed. Architectural creativity involves the presentation of a form, space, or environment that is both innovative and appropriate. Usefulness of the architectural space depends on its response to human requirements. The response to human requirements in the architectural space, which is a cultural issue, is made through environmental affordances. The affordances of something, are part of its properties which make it usable for a particular cerature or human. Environmental affordances can not meet human needs and be useful, unless they are understandable to humen. In other words, of the countless affordances available in the environment, human uses the perceived affordances by himself to meet his needs from the environment. These abilities correspond to the mental meanings of human. Therefore, the more meanings of the environmental affordances and the mental meanings of the users are compatible, that environment can meet more needs of the user and be more useful. On the other hand, the less similar the architectural form is to the previous architectural works, the more innovative the architectural work will be. In fact, architectural creativity can be considered to meet human needs from the architectural environment in a new way. According to the research findings, culture provides the E’tebariat for architectural action and creates the ground for producing architectural work. If an architectural work has affordances that match the meanings of users and meet their needs from architecture in a new way, that architecture creates new E’tebariat and is perceived as a creative work. On the other hand, architecture that is creatively perceived by people also affects their culture. This process continues in a rotating manner and forms the mechanism of the effect of culture on architecture. In this way, E’tebariat both affect the architectural action and, in the next stage, the creative work of architecture, and are influenced by them and hereby make themselves new and updated. E’tebariat also change the culture according to the conditions and characteristics of each era and social actions. In fact, culture, action and E’tebariat interact and exchange with each other in a rotating process. In this sense, culture is not a fixed and stagnant concept and is constantly changing and evolving.