مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی تشخص کالبدی خانه‌های تاریخی محدوده‌ای از منطقه‌ی فرهنگی تاریخی تبریز

تشخص کالبدی به معنای مجموعه صفاتی است که برای هر فضا معنای خاصی به وجود می‌آورد، آنچه به کالبد تشخص می‌دهد، همان ویژگی‌هایی است که آن را از غیر خود متمایز می‌کند و فضا را نسبت به سایرین ممتاز و ارجح می‌کند. خانه یکی از ابتدایی‌ترین و در عین حال اصلی‌ترین گونه‌ی معماری است و معماران در تلاش هستند، با ارجاع به مفاهیم و بهره‌گیری از بناهای تاریخی ارزشمند، به کیفیت مطلوبی از خانه‌ها دست یابند. مطالعه‌ی حاضر در پی یافتن عوامل موثر بر تشخص کالبدی خانه‌ها است تا به این منظور چارچوب مشخصی جهت بررسی سیر تحول تشخص‌ کالبدی خانه‌های تاریخی محدوده‌ای از منطقه‌ی فرهنگی تاریخی تبریز ارائه دهد. در این پژوهش، از روش توصیفی تحلیلی برای شناسایی مولفه‌های موثر بر تشخص کالبدی و روش مقایسه تطبیقی، جهت بررسی تحولات تشخص کالبدی خانه‌های تاریخی استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که عوامل موثر بر تشخص کالبدی را می‌توان به عامل کالبدی (عوامل متمایزکننده‌ی کالبد) و عوامل انسانی (معمار، ساکنین و صاحبین) تقسیم کرد. عوامل کالبدی بر پایه نظریه‌ی شولتز در سه سطح مواجهه با آن (گونه‌شناسی، سیماشناسی، موضع‌شناسی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که در این بررسی تشخص کالبدی در گونه‌ی پهلوی اول از لحاظ سیماشناسی و موضع‌شناسی نسبت به گونه‌ی قاجار کاهش یافته است. نتایج به دست آمده از بررسی عوامل انسانی، تاییدی بر این مدعاست که در مجموع خانه‎های قاجار محدوه‌ای از منطقه فرهنگی تاریخی تبریز نسبت به خانه‌های پهلوی اول آن منطقه متشخص‌تر است و سیر تحول خانه‌ها به سمت سادگی و عدم تشخص گرویده است.

The Comparative study of physical individualition of historical houses in a range of historical and cultural region of Tabriz

Physical individualization means a set of attributes and properties that create a special meaning for each space, what identifies the body are the same characteristics that make it different from others. The unique attributes and characteristics of each space that act together as a set, distinguish a body and distinguish it from others. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the physical identification of houses and to achieve the evolution of the physical identification of historic houses in the eighth district of Tabriz. At the beginning of the article, the definitions of individualization are stated from the perspectives of different thinkers, and then, according to the theoretical foundations, the components of physical individualization of houses are obtained to analyze a case study. Factors affecting physical identification can be divided into two categories of physical and human factors. In physical factors, using descriptive-analytical research method and based on Schultz theory, it was studied in three levels of exposure (typology, morphology, and topology). Based on the typology formed in an area of the eighth district of Tabriz, historical houses from the point of view of physical typology were classified into two main types of Qajar and first Pahlavi houses. Historical houses were studied according to the theoretical foundations of the research from the perspective of morphology and topology. Based on the findings, the distinguishing component of physical identification in the second type in terms of morphology (which includes the variety of openings and arches, variety of floor alignment, variety of decorations, details and materials used in interior and exterior and exterior views of the building and its architectural form) and spatial diversity, heat diversity and diversity of function and spatial arrangement of the components of topology have decreased compared to Qajar. The variety of light and the scale of the spaces were somewhat equal in the two species. The human component can be divided into two components: the architect and the residents or owners. Two internal and external factors affect an architect’s work of art. Due to the lack of information about the architect and the inhabitants of historical houses, these two internal components cannot be examined and external factors affecting the architect, including the social, political and cultural conditions of the Qajar and first Pahlavi eras, have been examined. In the Qajar and first Pahlavi periods, due to the developments that took place in various political and cultural fields, major differences in values, thoughts, tendencies and methods of architecture and urban planning have emerged. This diversity is reflected in the architecture of residential buildings. The study of political and social developments of the Qajar and first Pahlavi periods of the study area in terms of external factors affecting the architect and residents, confirms the claim that in general the physical identification of Qajar historical houses in the eighth region of Tabriz is more transparent than the first Pahlavi houses in that area. It is more specific and the evolution of houses has shifted to simplicity.