تولید نظریه معماری براساس الگوهای رفتاری اسلامی با رجوع به منابع اصلی سنّت

ساخت نظریه کالبدی منطبق با اسلام با تکیه بر الگوهای رفتاری اسلامی در قیاس با محتوای معرفتی، کمتر مورد نظر متخصصان بوده است. با توجه به خطر تاثیرپذیری از نمونه های غیردینی در ضمن رویکردهای نظری جدید، این نوشتار در کنار مطرح کردن یک بحث منطقی و تفسیری در مورد نظریات موجود و متون اسلامی اصیل، سعی دارد قابلیتهای متون اصلی سنّت اسلامی (قرآن و روایات) را بررسی و برای ارایه نظریه، مسیر رسیدن به یک نظریۀ اسلامی را بازیابی و ترسیم کند و در خلال مدل‌های ارائه شده، تفاوت ماهوی نظریه پردازی رفتاری -‌ کالبدی منطبق با اسلام را با گونه‌های پوزیتیویستی به نمایش بگذارد. به این منظور، ساختار نظری دو نمونه از تئوریهای رفتاری -‌ اجتماعی (نحو فضا به عنوان گونه ابژکتیو و مدل رفتار اجتماعی آلتمن به عنوان نمونه سوبژکتیو) با مبانی سنّت اسلامی مقایسه و ناسازی های اساسی بین آنها و مبانی مزبور ارائه شده است. یک ویژگی بنیادی رویکرد اسلام در رابطه رفتار اجتماعی با محیط کالبدی، این است که در این نگاه، نه مانند روانشناسان محیطی، متناسب کردن محیط با الگوهای رفتاری موجود، به عنوان ایدهآل تلقی می‌شود، نه تحقق هم پیوندی‌های فضای اجتماعی کشف شده از وضع موجود (در نحو فضا) و نه مانند مدرنیست‌ها، رویکرد اتوپیایی انسان محور پذیرفته می‌شود. سپس نیاز به واسطه مکان-رفتاری در متون اسلامی برای امکانپذیری ساخت نظریه، مورد بحث قرار گرفته و براساس آن، مفهوم «موقعیت تکلیفی» به عنوان واسط تئوریسازی رفتار-‌ کالبد در اسلام، معرفی شده است؛ درنهایت مدلی خاص برای نظریه معماری منطبق با تعلیمات رفتاری اسلام بر پایه منابع اصلی سنّت اسلامی، ارائه شده است.

Theory Making for Architecture Based on Behavioral Content of Essential Islamic Holy Texts

What is Islamic Architectural Design? It is a question which may be answered upon built patterns of past but what about future? That is what this article is about. Here it is argued that Islamicness in architecture could be based on Islamic lifestyle which in turn is based on Islamic moral and functional tradition. Here it is claimed that if right social and individual behaviors from original Islamic texts are systematically considered, there would be a clear new approach for architecture to be called as Islamic. So first some potential of those Islamic contents are introduced that are usable to construct such a theory of making built environment including vast descriptions about some basic elements of the city (home, mosque, street andbazar), topological norms about closeness, territories and so on, and the most important of all, behavioral patterns of human which are vastly articulated in Islamic texts. Besides, there are some metric characteristics of space as well as configurational ones that are helpful for theory making. Next step has been a survey of positivists’ social and behavioral theories of built environment to evaluate their compatibility for applying to making Islamic behavioral theory of built environment. For this purpose two critical examples of those theories are selected: “Space Syntax” of Bill Hillier and others as an objective socio-behavioral theoty and Irwing Altman’s theory of social behavior as subjective example. The comparative study among them with Islamic texts here results in some critical inconsistency in their presuppositions about human-environment relations with those of Islam. While “Space Syntax” is sharply founded on configurational determinism of social relations, Islam sees it an effective force its social consequences are not considered obligatory though. Simultaneously some concepts in Altman” socio-environmental theory such as privacy, intimacy, territoriality and crowding have different features in Islamic behavior and some of them may not be taken as important factors for this system of environmental behavior. It is concluded that such theories of human-environment relation are based on a vertical process of theory making which aims to provide a naturalistic vision of human world made up of analyzing of behavioral phenomenon. It is while Islamic interpretation of environment-behavior is systematically organized to analyze phenomenon on the basis of a supreme view of human world. So any theoretical effort to interpret EB phenomenon will be a “lateral debate” which means an internal organization of the phenomenon under light of Islamic world view but not making an Islamic world view. These arguments are abstracted via conceptual models. Then an independent approach towards theory making in this field upon Islamic behavioral content is introduced based on “lateral debate”. At first, two basic kind of EB content in Islamic text are considered: religious ethical duties for special places and environmental situations and spatiality of behavioral patterns of orthodox Islam. Via some critical examples it is shown that such contents have strong potential to be used for a systematic interpretation of EB. To realize this interpretation, a key concept is developed in this article which can be called as “Duty Situation”. It is considered as important as its counterpart in current EB studies i.e. “Behavioral Setting” and has some common features with it as spatiality and a given set of behavioral content. But its difference lies in its two characteristics which stems from its foundation upon Islamic duty-oriented ethics: the first one is that its behavioral content is a normative one that refers to what Islam wants from the situation so existing behavioral patterns of people in this respect it only makes a ground for those essential behavior that should be evaluated on the base of its consistency with it. The second point is independency of the two: spatial situation and behavioral content in terms of cause-effect relationship; later one results from idealistic view of Islam towards the social environment whose natural or existing circumstances are not idealized but considered as a ground that should leads towards ideals. Through establishment of concept of “Duty Situation”, author’s final proposed model of Islamic EB relationship emerges.