مقایسه‌ی الگوی توده و فضا در مساجد قدیمی و جدید اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران (نمونه مطالعاتی: مساجد شهر کاشان)

مساجد به عنوان مهم‌ترین نهاد دینی و یکی از شاخص‌ترین بنای عمومی شهر، نقش‌های متفاوتی دارند که امروزه تعدادی از آن‌ها کمرنگ‌ شده‌اند و بی‌تردید کالبد مساجد یکی از عوامل تاثیر‌گذار بر این موضوع بوده‌ است. توده و فضا به عنوان بخشی از کالبد، تاثیر بسیاری بر کیفیت فضایی بنای مسجد دارد و کاربست درست آن موجب ارتقاء کیفیت مکان می‌شود. از این رو این پژوهش به منظور شناخت و تحلیل نظام توده و فضا در مساجد شهر کاشان و مقایسۀ این نظام، در مساجد قدیمی و جدید انجام شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش پژوهش، توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و از روش‌های کتابخانه‌ای برای جمع آوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که متوسط درصد توده در مساجد جدید شهر نسبت به مساجد قدیمی افزایش یافته است. در حالی که متوسط درصد فضای باز در مساجد جدید به کمتر از نصف مساجد قدیمی تقلیل پیدا می کند، بیشتر از نصف مساجد جدید شهر فاقد فضای باز هستند و به صورت کاملاً توده ساخته شده‌اند. همچنین الگوی حیاط مرکزی که مناسب‌ترین الگو برای بناها و مساجد اقلیم گرم و خشک است و مزایای اجتماعی، روانی و اقتصادی بسیاری دارد، در مساجد این شهر مورد بی‌توجهی واقع شده و جای خود را به الگوی کاملاً توده و حیاط جنوبی داده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند، حیاط مساجد در این شهر مورد بی‌توجهی واقع شده و این موضوع نیازمند بازنگری و تدوین استاندارد‌ها و کیفیت‌هایی برای طراحی و ساخت مساجد در این شهر است.

Comparison of Mass and Space Patterns in Old and New Mosques of the Hot and Dry Climate of Iran (Case Study: Mosques in Kashan City)

Mosques have historically been the most important centers for the presence and gathering of the Muslims, and religious, social, economic and political programs have been planned and implemented in these centers. These roles have been played by mosques such as the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina since the beginning of Islam, and in modern times, although some of the mosque’s roles have been entrusted to other institutions, mosques are still considered the focal point for Islamic communities. The mosques, as the most important religious institution and one of the most prominent public buildings in the cities of Islamic societies, had important roles. However, some of these roles have been diminished. It seems that the changes in the patterns of architecture of mosques has been one of the factors influencing this issue. The relationship between the mass and space of the mosque, as a part of the architectural pattern, has a great impact on spatial quality. So a proper pattern of mass and space improves the quality of the place. Hence, this study tries to identify and analyze the mass and space pattern in mosques of Kashan and compare this system in old and new mosques. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and library methods have been used for data collection. In fact, first, with library studies, the concepts of mosque, mass and space were explained, then according to the aerial image and map of Kashan, the structure of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city has identified and then the collected information has been analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Finally, a comparison has been made between the numerical and geometric pattern of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city. It has been tried to answer the questions that What is the geometric and numerical pattern of mass and space in mosques of Kashan city? and How does this system evolved in the new mosques of kashan city?. The findings indicate that the numerical pattern of mass and space in new and old mosques of Kashan has some differences. In fact, the average percentage of mass in the city’s new mosques has increased compared to the old ones. While the average percentage of open spaces in new mosques is reduced to less than half of the old mosques, more than half of the city’s new mosques lack open space and are completely mass-built. Also, the central courtyard pattern, which is the most suitable pattern for hot and dry climate buildings and mosques, have been neglected in the mosques of this city and have replaced by the southern courtyard pattern. Mass and space have a great impact on the quality of space and architectural sense and both are important and should be considered in the design of buildings equally, but nowadays more attention is paid to the mass in the construction of buildings. Mosques are not excluded from this, and while it is emphasized to allocate open spaces, they are often constructed as a completely mass pattern or with an emphasis on mass.