نقش کیفیت ویژگی‌های فضای شهری در تعیین نحوه استفاده از میدان‌ها در شهرهای اسلامی تاریخی مطالعه موردی: خیابان جمهوریت در ارزروم ترکیه

ساختار شهرهای تاریخی، در گذر زمان بر اساس ویژ گیهای هویتی هر شهر شکل گرفته‌اند و در قالب عناصر و روابط تاریخی تجلی یافته اند. از سویی دیگر میادین نیز در شهرهای تاریخی نقش مهم و تاثیرگذاری در خوانش و ادراک فضاهای شهری دارد. فضاهای باز و میادین در شهرها، محل اصلی تعاملات و روابط اجتماعی شهری بوده و طراحی منظر میادین شهری با ویژگی‌ها و کیفیت‌های فضایی مناسب یکی از دغدغه‌های طراحان منظر شهری به خصوص در شهرهای تاریخی می‌باشد و آگاهی در مورد اینکه کدام ویژگی‌های فضایی بر استفاده از فضای باز تاثیر می‌گذارد، چگونه و چرایی آن هم مورد توجه محققان، طراحان و مدیران فضای باز شهری می‌‌باشد. ارزروم یکی از شهرهای تاریخی و مهم ترکیه است که هویت  و ساختار مرکز اصلی آن در طول تاریخ و به واسطه مداخلات صورت گرفته در دوره‌ها و عرصه‌های مختلف تاریخی متحول شده‌است و ساختار کنونی حاصل این تغییرات می‌باشد. بیشترین  تحولات تاریخی  شهر ارزروم در محدوده خیابان جمهوریت در بافت مرکزی شهر ارزروم اتفاق افتاده‌است و آن به دلیل شکل‌گیری هسته اولیه شهر در این محدوده می‌باشد. بررسی‌های میدانی از میادین حاشیه خیابان جمهوریت ارزروم که محدوده مورد مطالعه می‌باشد، نشان‌ می‌دهد که ویژگی‌های مختلف طراحی‌های فضاهای باز با کاربردهای واقعی آنها مطابقت دارد و یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که انواع کاربری‌های مختلف با ویژگی‌های فضایی میادین خیابان جمهوریت، تحت شرایط مختلف زمانی و آب و هوایی تاثیر بسزایی در کمیت و کیفیت استفاده از این فضاها دارد.

The Effect of Urban Space Quality on Determining the Way/Method of Square Use in Historical Islamic Cities Case study: Cumhuriyet street in Erzurum

The structure of historical cities has been formed over time based on the identity features of each city, manifested in its historical elements and relations. Besides, squares in historical cities have influential roles in reading and perceiving open urban spaces. Open spaces and squares are the main place of interactions and social relations. Designing urban squares with appropriate spatial features and qualities is also one of the concerns of urban landscape designers, especially in historical cities, and knowing which spatial features affect using open space, their methods and reasons are considered by researchers, designers and managers of urban space. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of urban open space, especially living quarters, focusing on three features of shape, confinement and topography. So, field studies of urban spaces and squares around Cumhuriyet Street in Erzurum have been conducted, focused on its application and spatial elements and their arrangement in terms of meeting the people’s needs. Erzurum city is a historical and important city of Turkey, whose identity and structure has changed throughout history due to interventions in different historical periods, and the current structure is the result of these changes. Most of historical developments of Erzurum city have occurred in ​​Cumhuriyet Street in the central part of Erzurum for the formation of the initial city core in this area. First, spatial and physical characteristics, including degree of spatial confinement, the height and topography of the designated sections in the area are examined and analyzed and focusing on the effect of spatial characteristics of each section on the use of space and meeting the needs and expectations of people, the space uses were observed, collected, and analyzed at different hours of the day, days of the week, seasons and weather conditions. The analyses include the spatial features of Cumhuriyet Street squares, sidewalks, and the number of people who use these spaces and the relationship between the space features and the uses by the users of these spaces. The observations of each section were made on different occasions during 10 months and the data collected through these observations allow us to draw the conditions of occupying different spaces in Cumhuriyet Street squares according to the changes of different days, seasons, and weather conditions during the year. The findings will help to explore approaches to revitalizing the area, evaluating and changing urban open space. The studies showed that the physical characteristics of an open space are the most important elements, determining the use of space by people. Therefore, one of the basic principles of design is to create a public open space in the city with physical features that respond to the diverse needs of society. The key to a success of an open public space is the good physical features of that space. In other words, in order to design outdoor space for different activities, more attention should be paid to this particular field of research and a deeper understanding of the relationship between outdoor features and outdoor use should be created.