ارزیابی عملکرد دانه آفتابگردان و ویژگی‌های خاک تحت تاثیر کودهای شیمیایی و دامی و روش‎های مختلف خاک‎ورزی

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر کودهای دامی و شیمیایی بر ویژگی‎های خاک و عملکرد دانه آفتابگردان به صورت کرت‎های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1399-1398 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زابل اجرا شد. عامل اصلی روش‎های خاک‌ورزی شامل گاوآهن برگردان‌دار + دیسک، پنجه‌غازی + دیسک، و دیسک بود. عامل فرعی سطوح کودی شامل عدم مصرف کود، 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار دی‌آمونیوم فسفات، کود دامی 25 تن در هکتار+دی‌آمونیوم فسفات 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار، کود دامی 50 تن در هکتار + دی‌‌آمونیوم فسفات 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار، کود دامی 25 تن در هکتار، کود دامی 50 تن در هکتار بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‌ترین تخلخل خاک در عمق 20 سانتی‌متر (82 درصد) با کاربرد دی‌آمونیوم فسفات 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار در شرایط خاک‌ورزی پنجه‎غازی + دیسک و در عمق 40 سانتی‎متر (86/8 درصد) با کاربرد 50 تن کود دامی در هکتار در شرایط پنجه‌غازی + دیسک و بیش‌ترین وزن هزار دانه (14/2درصد) و عملکرد دانه (84/8 درصد) با کاربرد کود دامی 25 تن در هکتار در شرایط خاک‌ورزی گاوآهن برگردان‎دار + دیسک بدست آمد. خاک‌ورزی با دیسک به همراه کود دی‌آمونیوم فسفات 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار جهت حفظ رطوبت خاک مناسب بود و در این راستا، اگر کاهش مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی مدنظر قرار بگیرد، کاربرد کود دامی 25 تن در هکتار در شرایط خاک‌ورزی با دیسک برای حفظ رطوبت خاک توصیه می‎شود. هم‎چنین به منظور افزایش عملکرد دانه و وزن هزار دانه می‌توان کاربرد کود دامی 25 تن در هکتار را در خاک‌ورزی متداول توصیه کرد.

evaluation of sunflower seed yield and soil properties under the influence of chemical and manure fertilizers and different tillage methods

introduction: conventional agriculture is based on two related objectives, namely, to maximize both production and income. soil as a culture medium and reservoir of mineral elements is the most important factor in plant production. therefore, tillage operations with a positive effect on biological, physical and chemical properties of soil can have a positive effect on crop production. conservation tillage saves production time and costs, reduces labor demand, increases production against less input, protects soil and water, reduces erosion, improves soil structure and preserves more organic matter by preserving more crop residues. proper nutrition of the plant using livestock and chemical fertilizers to increase the quantity and quality of crops is very important. combined use of chemical and livestock fertilizers could reduce the toxic effects of sodium and chlorine in saline soils. in addition to increasing yield, increase the absorption efficiency of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.materials and methods:  in order to investigate the effect of different tillage systems and the combination of chemical and livestock fertilizers on some properties of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots with a randomized complete block design in three replications at the research farm of university of zabol in 2019-2020. the main factor of tillage methods included moldboard plow + disc, chisel plow + disc, and disc. sub-factor of fertilizer levels included non-fertilizer, 100 kg/ha diamonium phosphate, 25 tons/ha manure + 100 kg/ha diamonium phosphate, 50 tons/ha manure + 100 kg/ha diamonium phosphate, 25 tons/ha manure, 50 tons/ha manure. the specifications of the tools used in this research are: reversible plow with three mounting miners of working type with a working width of 90 cm and a working depth of 30 cm, 9-row gas-claw without spring with mounting type of working width 2 meters and working depth 20 cm, mounted tandem disk with 14 congressional edge plates in the first row and 12 flat edge plates in the second row with a working width of 3 meters and a working depth of 15 cm. before starting the experiment, in order to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the soil of the test site, a number of random soil samples from the depth of 0 to 30 cm were prepared and combined and sent to the soil analysis laboratory of the faculty of water and soil, university of zabol. soil properties were transferred.results and discussion: the results showed that the highest amount was obtained with the application of 100 kg/ha diamonium phosphate in tillage conditions with chisel plow + disc for soil porosity at a depth of 20 cm (82%), with the application of 50 tons/ha manure in tillage conditions with chisel plow + disc for soil porosity at a depth of 40 cm (86.8%), and with the application of 25 tons/ha manure in tillage conditions with moldboard plow + disc for 1000-seed weight (14.2%) and seed yield (84.8%). and grain yield in sunflower can be increased by improving soil conditions (reducing tillage, especially disc and suitable fertilizer of 50 tons per hectare) and by increasing soil moisture and increasing reservoir strength (1000-seed weight) .conclusion: according to our finding in this regard, if the reduction of chemical inputs is considered, the application of 25 tons of manure per hectare in disc tillage conditions is recommended to increase crop residues in the soil surface, reduce runoff and maintain soil moisture. also, in order to increase grain yield and 1000-seed weight, the use of 25 tons of manure per hectare in conventional farming can be recommended.conclusion:the application of phosphate fertilizer significantly increased the absorption of elements. the application of biofertilizer also significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in bean plants. in general, the results of this study showed that the use of biofertilizer and phosphate fertilizer could reduce the adverse effects of drought stress on bean plants and increase the absorption of elements in bean organs.