بررسی مقایسه کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر ویژگی‎های رشدی و عملکرد خیار (cucumis sativus cv. super dominus)

کاربرد کودهای آلی در کشاورزی پایدار نقش بسزایی در بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک و کاهش اثرات منفی زیست‎محیطی دارد. آزمایش با هدف مقایسه تاثیر کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر ویژگی‎های رشدی و عملکرد خیار در قالب طرح بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی با هفت تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 96-1395 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کود شیمیایی کامل (200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود شیمیایی کامل به ترتیب شامل 100، 50 و 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، کود دامی (40 تن در هکتار کود گاوی کاملاً پوسیده)، ورمی‎کمپوست (10 تن در هکتار)، ورمی‎کمپوست+کود شیمیایی کامل (5 تن در هکتار ورمی‎کمپوست به همراه 100 کیلوگرم کود شیمیایی کامل به ترتیب شامل 50، 25 و 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، کمپوست زباله شهری (10 تن در هکتار)، کود آلی پلیت‎شده (10 تن در هکتار) و بدون مصرف کود بودند. نتایج نشان داد تمامی تیمارها عملکرد و خصوصیات رشدی خیار را بهبود دادند، به‎طوری‎که، تیمارهای ورمی‎کمپوست+کود شیمیایی کامل، ورمی‎کمپوست، کود دامی و کود شیمیایی کامل به ترتیب با 35/41، 34/54، 34/5 و 31/59 تن در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد خیار را نشان دادند و باعث افزایش 47، 42، 33 و 28 درصدی در مقایسه با شاهد شدند. بنابراین با در نظر گرفتن هزینه اقتصادی و مشکلات زیست‎محیطی کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی کامل، به‎نظر می‎رسد استفاده از ورمی‎کمپوست و کود دامی به تنهایی می‎تواند نتایج مطلوبی در تولید خیار در مزرعه به همراه داشته باشد.

study of comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of cucumber (cucumis sativus cv. super dominus)

introduction: although the utilization of chemical fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in the long-term. therefore, application of organic manures is one of the most important strategies for plant nutrition compared to chemical fertilizers, especially in ecological management of crops. in recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties has received renewed attention. therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and cucumber yield.materials and methods: in order to evaluate the effects of different organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and growth characteristics of cucumber (cucumis sativus cv. super dominus), a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with seven treatment and three replications at the agricultural research station, college of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad, during growing seasons 2016-2017. the treatments included chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 npk, 100, 50 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively), cow manure (40-ton ha-1), vermicompost (10-ton ha-1), vermicompost + npk (including 5-ton ha-1 vermicompost + 100 kg ha-1 npk, 50, 25 and 25 kg ha-1, respectively), municipal solid waste compost (10-ton ha-1), plated organic fertilizer (10-ton ha-1) and no fertilizer. the traits such as plant length, number of main and sub branches, average fruit weight, number of fruits and the fruit yield per hectare were evaluated. analysis of variance was performed by sas 9.4 software, and means of different treatments were compared by lsd test at the probability level of 5%.results and discussion: the effect of application of different fertilizer treatments was significant (p≤0.05) on the number of main and sub branches of cucumber. so, cow manure treatments and combination of vermicompost with npk fertilizer showed the highest number of main and sub branches. application of organic materials improves microbial activity and physical properties of the soil by increasing the water holding capacity in the soil and increasing the content of available plant nutrients. therefore, it seems that the higher number of main and sub branches in cow manure treatment and other organic fertilizers is due to improvement of physical and nutritional conditions of the soil.all fertilizer treatments except municipal solid waste compost treatment compared with control significantly increased the yield of cucumber. so that, vermicompost + npk, vermicompost, cow manure and npk fertilizer showed the highest yield of cucumber with 35.41, 34.44, 34.5 and 31.59 ton ha-1, respectively, so increased yield by 47, 42, 33 and 28 percent compared with the control. however, the results of group comparison of treatments indicated that the yield of cucumber was not significantly different from that of organic fertilizers compared to npk fertilizer and vermicompost + npk, suggesting that nutrition management by organic fertilizers alone can be a very good alternative instead of applying chemical fertilizer in cucumber production. also reported that application of organic fertilizers significantly improved the yield of tomato and cucumber.conclusion: the results of this study showed that cucumber growth and yield were significantly affected by the application of different treatments. so that, the highest and lowest of fruit yield were obtained in vermicompost + npk and control treatments with corresponding values of 35.41 and 24.65 ton ha-1, respectively. combined treatment of vermicompost and npk, cow manure, vermicompost and npk fertilizer had best results in this study. since there was no significant difference between yields in these treatments and generally organic fertilizers compared to chemical fertilizer. hence, given to environmental problems and high cost of chemical fertilizers, the use of vermicompost and cow manure can lead to good results in cucumber production in the field.