تحلیل مدیریت تعارض ناشی از توسعه گردشگری در مناطق حفاظت ‌شده

تعارض مسئله مبتلابه مناطق حفاظت ‌شده در ایران است و فائق آمدن بر آن چالشی بزرگ برای برنامه ریزان است. توسعه گردشگری می‌تواند یکی از عوامل اصلی تشدید این تعارضات باشد. ازاین‌رو هدف این مقاله شناسایی ویژگی‌ها و دلایل بروز تعارضات ناشی از توسعه گردشگری در مناطق حفاظت‌شده به‌خصوص تالاب میانکاله در ایران و همچنین شناسایی شیوه‌های فائق آمدن بر آن‌ها است. بدین منظور یافته‌های کیفی مطالعات پیشین با استفاده از روش فراترکیب مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفتند. مقالات، کتب و رساله‌های منتشرشده در پایگاه‌های مطالعاتی در بازه زمانی 2000 تا 2024 بر اساس روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. پس از تجزیه‌وتحلیل یافته‌ها، شبکه مضامین در سه بعد چیستی، چرایی و چگونگی مدیریت تعارض ارائه شد. بر اساس یافته‌ها، تعارض در مناطق حفاظت‌شده اغلب در سطح بین گروهی و بین سازمانی است. مهم‌ترین دلایل بروز تعارض ارتباطات ضعیف و فقدان همکاری، بی‌عدالتی و سلطه قدرت، ساختار حکمرانی معیوب است. همچنین برای مدیریت تعارض نیاز به طی شش مرحله افزایش سرمایه اجتماعی، مصالحه و اجماع، کنش جمعی، هم تکاملی تدریجی و بهبود تعارض است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر علاوه بر اینکه به گسترش دایره شناختی شیوه‌های کاهش تعارض در گردشگری کمک خواهد کرد، می‌تواند مبنایی برای پژوهش‌های آتی در این حوزه مطالعاتی باشد.

analyses of conflict management associated with tourism development in protected areas

conflict is a prevalent issue in protected areas in iran, presenting a significant challenge for planners. tourism development can be a major factor exacerbating conflicts in protected areas. focusing on the miankaleh wetland in iran, the present study aimed to identify the nature and causes of conflicts associated with tourism development in protected areas, and to explore ways to overcome them. first, a meta-synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative findings of previous studies. articles, books, and theses published between 2000 and 2024 were identified and selected from the databases using purposive sampling. the analysis helped present a thematic network along three dimensions: the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how). according to the findings, conflicts in protected areas are often intergroup and inter organizational. the main causes of conflict include poor communication and lack of collaboration, injustice and power dominance, and faulty governing structure. additionally, managing conflicts requires six stages: social capital, compromise and consensus, creating social organizations, communicative action, gradual co-evolution, and conflict improvement. the results of the research not only contribute to the expansion of knowledge about conflict reduction methods in tourism but also provide a basis for future studies in this field.keywords: conflict, conflict management, tourism, protected areas, miankalleh.  extended abstract introductionconflicts associated with diverse and conflicting interests, goals, and values among stakeholders. conflicts intensify whenever a new stakeholder with different needs comes to the scene. since tourism, as a new claimant, often proves more successful in competing for cultural and natural resources compared to other stakeholders, it can be one of the main factors exacerbating conflicts among stakeholders (mckercher et al., 2005). more specifically, conflict creates more challenges in the areas that face limited land supply and increasing demand (almeida et al., 2018).unfortunately, in recent years, the miankaleh protected area in mazandaran province has also been embroiled in conflicts among stakeholders. currently, the resources of this wetland are being exploited directly and indirectly by various stakeholders. some of these activities have led to chaos and illegality in the region, as well as to conflicts between the stakeholders and the iranian department of environment as the main stakeholder in the region (ajoul, 2017). the conflict is even more exacerbated as tourism has emerged as another stakeholder in miankaleh. it is thus essential for managers and policymakers involved in managing the miankaleh protected area to take necessary actions to settle these conflicts. however, the relevant authorities are not able to reach a consensus since they are entangled in managerial, political, and administrative conflicts (bay, 2017). as a result, decisions made so far, such as the ashuradeh tourism project, have remained ineffective for years (“expert review,” 2020).given the issues raised above, the conflict among stakeholders in the miankaleh protected area, especially those associated with tourism development, has become one of the major concerns for national and provincial planners and managers. therefore, it is essential that stakeholders embark on a joint effort to achieve constructive solutions to manage conflict.