بررسی تطبیقی کیفی بودنِ مقررات کیفری، با نگاهی به حقوق ایران و دانش ‌های اخلاق، ادبیات و زبان شناسی

یکی از مهم‌ترین معیارهای قانون ‌گذاریِ درست، توجه به کیفی بودنِ مقررات است. کیفی بودن مقررات، اقتضاء می‌کند گفتمان قانون گسترده، مجمل و مبهم نبوده و با لحاظ مفهوم عقلانیت و اوصاف آن، صریح و قابل فهم باشد؛ به ‌طوری که جز در موارد استثنائی نیاز به تفسیر نداشته باشد؛ ضمن اینکه مسائل حقوقی، بر مبنای آن، قابل حل باشد. اهتمام به این امر در مقررات کیفری، دو چندان است که در این مطاله مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بررسی‌های این پژوهش نشان داد، امروزه برای قانون‌گذاری کیفری در ایران، ضوابط اخلاقی روشنی برای قانون‌گذاران تعریف و اجرایی نشده؛ همچنین قانون‌گذار به ظرفیت دانش‌های ادبیات، زبان‌شناسی، اخلاق و استفاده از متخصصان این دانش‌ها آن‌گونه که شایسته و بایسته است، اهتمام خاصی نداشته است. با توجه به اینکه قانون‌گذاری، تصمیم گیریِ ارادی و آگاهانه است و اقدامات ارادی در معرض ارزش داوری اخلاقی می‌باشد، بنابراین مشمول الزامات اخلاقی قرار می‌گیرد؛ لذا با لحاظ مسئولیت اخلاقی قانون‌گذار، رعایت کیفی بودن قانون ضروری است و از جمله مهم‌ترین وظایف اخلاقی قانون‌گذاران ارائه شفاف منظورشان به مخاطبان و شهروندان، همچنین اهتمام به زبان قانون، به‌عنوان وسیله‌ای برای ارتباط و اطلاع رسانی است.معیار پیشنهادی این مطالعه در راستای تعیین درجه کیفیت قانون، منطق فازی است؛ مهم‌ترین عاملِ کیفیت نداشتنِ قانون، درک ناقص از زبان حقوقی و حتی گاهی دانش های ادبیات و زبان شناسی است. در تبیین مفهوم کیفی بودن، شایسته است علاوه بر انسجام درونی، به انسجام بیرونی نیز توجه شود که با تنظیم و تصویب «سند جامع اخلاقی قانون‌گذاری»، و استقرار و ترویج «فرهنگ اخلاقی» میسر می‌گردد.

a comparative study of the quality of criminal regulations, with a look at iranian law and the knowledge of ethics, literature and linguistics

one of the sources of creating legal language and literature is the establishment of regulations. since legislation deals with the order and security of society and is also analyzed by researchers in some fields such as law, literature, linguistics, and ethics, it is necessary to complete it by following strict criteria. one of the most important criteria of correct legislation is diligence and efficiency in the quality of regulations, which is considered today as a complement to the principle of legality of the criminal phenomenon. the quality of regulations requires that the discourse of the law should not be broad and vague, and the importance of this in criminal regulations is twofold; so that it does not need to be interpreted except in exceptional cases. it seems that today, for the iranian legislator, no specific ethical standards have been defined and implemented for this matter. considering that voluntary and conscious decision-making legislation and voluntary actions are subject to the value of moral judgment, therefore it is subject to ethical requirements and in terms of the moral responsibility of the legislator, we consider compliance with the quality of the regulations as a good and correct decision.and among the most important moral duties of the legislator, we consider compliance with this importance and paying attention to the teachings of the language of the law as a means of communication and information. in line with the management and prevention of quality violations, the regulations as one of the most important rules of ethics of the legislator, paying attention to the quality of the legislator and observing the written, editorial and literary rules and the existence of a special institution for writing and compiling laws as well as evaluating their quality, consisting of law scholars, writers, linguists, sociologists, ethicists and other science experts are needed and basing laws on interdisciplinary research between ethics, literature, law and linguistics can be a way forward. of course, since no matter how much attention and care is taken in this regard, there is a possibility of ambiguity, silence, conflict, etc. in the regulations. to benefit in the proceedings as well as judicial procedure. the criterion we consider in order to determine the quality level of regulations is fuzzy logic; the most important factor in the lack of regulation quality is the legislator’s incomplete understanding of legal language and interdisciplinary studies. also, the preparation and approval of the &comprehensive ethical legislator document& regarding the ethical principles and rules of this area and related issues and issues, as well as the ethical audit of regulations, and the approval of a lesson and chapter entitled &professional ethics of legislators& with an interdisciplinary approach between literature, linguistics, ethics and law are suggested by the ministry of science along with the course on the principles and techniques of law-making. the most important thing is to try to establish and promote ðical culture& through the creation of interdisciplinary discourse and critique of the above topic, among the students of law, ethics, philosophy, literature and linguistics faculties, and to promote the study of world literature in the society.