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   مسئله اختیار و خلق الافعال از منظر فخر رازی  
   
نویسنده قاسمی اعظم ,یونسی آریا
منبع پژوهش هاي مابعد الطبيعي - 1399 - دوره : 1 - شماره : 2 - صفحه:205 -228
چکیده    ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﺟﺒﺮ و اﺧﺘﯿﺎر، ﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ، در ﺳﻨﺖ ﮐﻠﺎم اﺳﻠﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ «ﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﺎﻓﻌﺎل» ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ ﮐﻠﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ آن ﻣﻮﺿﻊﮔﯿﺮی ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻓﺨﺮ رازی ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻤﯽ اﺷﻌﺮی در ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎی ﮐﻠﺎﻣﯽاش ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺧﻮد ﻣﺪﻋﯽ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. وی ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ را، ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺟﺒﺮ و ﻗﺪر، را رد ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﻣﯿﺎن ﺟﺒﺮ و اﺧﺘﯿﺎر «ﻟﺎﺟﺒﺮ» ﺷﻖّ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﯿﻨﺪ. آﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﺮای اﺛﺒﺎت اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ در ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﻮد آزاد، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و اﺛﺒﺎت اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻨﯽ را ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. وی ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻌﻠﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﻮد آﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻠﺎزﻣﮥ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮای اراده ﮐﺮدن ﭼﯿﺰی ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً اراده ﮐﺮدن ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ و آﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ آن ﻟﺎزم ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. در ﺑﺮﻫﺎن دﯾﮕﺮ، او ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ دﺳﺖآوﯾﺰ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺮﺟّﺢ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً ﺟﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻫﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺮح اﺳﺖ، ﭼﻮن ﻣﺮﺟﺢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻦ دﯾﮕﺮ رازی، ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از اﯾﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﻗﺎدر، ﻋﺎﻟﻢ و ﻣﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺲ ﻫﯿﭻﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮای اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﺸﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. ﺑﺮای ﻧﻘﺾ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻦ رازی را ﺟﺮح ﮐﺮد و ﻫﻢ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﭘﻨﺪاﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﺑﺸﺮ را در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﺎر ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ و ﭼﻮن اﯾﻦ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﻪ اذن اﻟﻬﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﭘﺲ ﺗﻀﺎدی وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ رازی ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﺪﻟﺎلﻫﺎی او ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ردّ و اﻧﮑﺎر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودی ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻢ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻮص ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ اﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ، در ﻣﻮﺿﻊﮔﯿﺮی وی ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
کلیدواژه فخر رازی، خلق الافعال، تفاصیل فعل، مرجّح، داعی
آدرس پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی, ایران, پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی, ایران
پست الکترونیکی aryauonesy1367@gmail.com
 
   Free will and Creation of actions from Fakhr Razi’s viewpoint  
   
Authors Younesi Arya ,Ghasemi Azam
Abstract    Free will issue has been discussed in Islamic Theology (Kalām) as “the creation of action”, a controversy which divides Islamic theological schools. Fakhr Razi as an Ash’arite Theologian put it under scrutinize in some of his own theological works. Although he is an Ash’arite theologian, but denied “acquisition (Kasb) theory” based on the principle of excluded middle. He, then, to prove that creatures cannot create actions, i.e., God creates actions for human beings, advanced a few arguments. In this paper his arguments will be discussed and studied to assess their authenticity. He held that if creatures were the creators of their own acts, they would know the details of action, e.g., if I wanted to go from A to B, I would know how many meters I have to pass to reach B. But this implication, which Razi took it for granted is not true; because I can go from A to B without knowing how many meters I have to pass. Thus the argument could be refuted. In another argument, he put the idea forward that when there is a “motivation”, the agent cannot avoid that motivation; thus s/he will do what the motivation provokes. Therefore, there is not such a thing as free will. It will be concluded that Razi holds a kind of determinism based on what express so far.
Keywords Fakhr Razi ,creation of human actions ,details of the action ,motivation
 
 

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