تورم و تاثیر آن در احکام خمس از دیدگاه فقه مذاهب اسلامی

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﻮرم و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آن در اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﻤﺲ، ازﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﯾﺪ در ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و ﻓﻘﻬﺎی ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ﺷﯿﻌﻪ و اﻫﻞﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ، وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﯿﻤﺖ اﺟﻨﺎس، ﻓﺮاوان اﺳﺖ و ﻗﯿﻤﺖ اﺟﻨﺎس، ﻫﺮ روزه ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ، ﺑﺮای اﻃﻼع ﻫﻤﮕﺎن از ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻮرم در اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﻤﺲ، ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪای ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﻗﻮال ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ، ﺗﻮرم و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﺎﻻ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮی در اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﺪارد. زﯾﺮا آﻧﺎن ﺧﻤﺲ را ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﻏﻨﺎﺋﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﯽ واﺟﺐ ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ و در ﻣﻮارد دﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮب ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ، وﻟﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﺎی ﺷﯿﻌﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﺶ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪ، ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺑﻮد و ﺧﻤﺲ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﯾﺎ آنﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﺒﻮد و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺑﻮد و ﺧﻤﺴﺶ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﻻ ﯾﺎ از راه ﺗﺠﺎرت اﺳﺖ و ﯾﺎ از ﻏﯿﺮ راه ﺗﺠﺎرت، ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از آن اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد دارد و اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺣﮑﻢ آن ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﺎن دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻬﺎی ﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﻦ و ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آن و ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪای ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی: اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮐﺎﻻ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻟﺰوم در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آن در اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﻓﻘﻬﺎی ﺷﯿﻌﻪ و اﻫﻞﺳﻨﺖ اﺳﺖ. از اﯾﻦ رو ﻓﻘﻬﺎ دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎب ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ. زﯾﺮا ﻓﻘﻬﺎی اﻫﻞﺳﻨﺖ در ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺧﻤﺲ را واﺟﺐ ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﻨﺪ و ﻓﻘﻬﺎی ﺷﯿﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻪ، ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺑﻮد و ﺧﻤﺴﺶ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﺒﻮد و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺑﻮد و ﺧﻤﺴﺶ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﺎنﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺎﻟﮏ از ﺧﺮﯾﺪاری ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﯿﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﺮض دارد و ﯾﺎ آن را ﺑﺮای ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺧﺮﯾﺪاری ﻧﻤﻮد و ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮای ﻧﮕﻬﺪاری ﺷﺨﺼﯽ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آنﮐﻪ راه ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از دو راه ﺗﺠﺎرت و ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎی ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Critical review of the diifferent perspectives on the relationship between the general and absolute in five religions

The relationship of the general and absolute is one of the issues that there is a lot of disagreement among the Scholars of Islamic jurisprudence. they agree unanimously that the general implies assignationally inclusion; But in relation to absolute assignated there is different opinions.Sunni and shia scholars believe that the absolute is due to the assignation; but the later Shia scholars recognize that the term is not the case.The former is becoming two groups. Some scholars have introduced the absolute assigned an indefinite word in the manner of proof and others have introduced it a quiddity without a condition and they who do not consider it due to assignation believe that the term indicate nature; Without an absolute be a restriction to an assignated, But they have disagreed on the role of the basics of wisdom. The famous opinion believes that the role of the basics of wisdom is to obtain restrictions, but the Imam and his subjects believe that the role of the basics of wisdom is to eliminate restrictions. From these views, it seems that the Imam’s view that expresses: absolute indicates natures and that’s the reason for removing the basics of wisdom is more justified.