immune responses to newcastle disease virus as a minor zoonotic viral agent

Newcastle is one of the leading diseases among poultry. the viral agent of this disease is classified in the genus avulavirus of the paramyxovirus family. since the disease has a harmful impact on poultry production, it is one of the main economic problems that can be studied by virology scientists. even though, newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been extensively studied in recent years, our information on immune responses to this virus remains incomplete. ndv is a zoonotic agent that can cause infection in humans. the common transmission route of ndv is through contact of contaminated fingers with the eyes after careless handling infectious poultry samples. like all infectious diseases, vaccination can enhance ndv control. today, there are three types of ndv vaccines, including live inactive and vector-based vaccines. since ndv is an economical concern to governments, its problem must be solved. to find effective solutions to this problem, our knowledge about immune responses to nd has to be completed. in this review, we discussed some aspects of these responses.