an ultra-lightweight mutual authentication protocol based on lpn problem with distance fraud resistant

Rfid tags are one of the main enablers of the internet of things. all objects have to be equipped with an electronic product code(epc) such as rfid tags. because of minimizing the price, rfid environments are resource-scarce, then designing ultra-lightweight authentication protocols is of great importance. many ultra-lightweight authentication protocols such as hb family protocols are proposed. one of the most important threats against hb family protocols is a type of man-in-the-middle(mim) attack called grs. also, in the real world, iot requires mutual authentication that traditional hb protocols do not support it.besides, misconceptions about reader-tag distance could create problems in several applications especially in contactless systems such as access control and electronic payment systems, which could be damaged by distance-based frauds. in the present work, we have proposed a novel distance bounding protocol based on hb family protocols with four major characteristics: 1) it can resist terrorist, mafia, and distance fraud attacks; 2) it is a lightweight mutual authentication protocol capable of being used in low-cost iot equipment such as nfc and rfid; 3) it employs a hard problem that be post-quantum resistant, and 4) it identifies and solves the weaknesses of hb protocols including grs attacks. the proposed protocol has also been shown to be able to address the known weaknesses and attacks in distance frauds and hb family protocols.