numerical study and regression model for lateral spreading

Liquefaction usually occurs in fully saturated loose sands under cyclic loadings. lateral spreading is one of the most destructive phenomena induced by liquefaction (engineering & research, 1985) that causes horizontal displacement due to the loss of stiffness and shear resistance of soil as a result of excess pore-water pressure increases.during major earthquake events [e.g. san francisco, 1906; niigata, 1964; and chi-chi, 1999], lateral spreading caused disrupting pipelines, retaining walls as well as shallow foundations due to imposing lateral forces associated with horizontal large displacements.