reverse fault rupture mitigation measures for continuous shallow tunnels

In recent years, long tunnels for highway, railway, water and hydroelectric purposes are developed in many parts of the world (alp & apaydin, 2019). in earthquake-prone areas faulting is one of the hazard risks for these structures. surface faulting is the propagation of displacement along a fault in soil deposits that reaches the ground surface (ghalandarzadeh et al., 2016). if the hanging wall moves upwards in relation to the footwall, the fault is called reverse (twiss & moores, 1992). faulting can cause severe damage to tunnels and can stop its operation. faulting can cause ground settlement, crackin tunnel lining, soil falling and complete collapse (mrl, 2003).