effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of bridges under multiple hazards

In seismic assessment of bridges, the soil-structure interaction may have significant effects on the seismic response if the redundancy of the bridge is high and structural members participate in resisting the earthquake load. besides, bridges areexposed to long term hazards such as scour and environmental degradation. most current bridge design codes and standards consider extreme hazards independently. therefore, a multi-hazard assessment is required to more realistically evaluate thedesign of new bridges as well as the retrofit of existing bridges.