centrifugal modeling of continuous shallow tunnels crossing active reverse faults

Tunnels are long lifelines which are at damage risk due to faulting in earthquake-prone areas. interaction of soil and tunnel at an intersection with an active fault will be a useful guide for tunnel design engineers. in the present study, a series of centrifuge tests were designed and tested on modeled tunnels at a 60-degree reverse faulting. mechanism and locationof damage to the tunnels is assessed. four damage state are defined and damage progress are monitored with increase in permanent ground displacement (pgd). the ground surface deformations and strains, the surface trace of the fault, the fault scarp and the sinkhole caused by the fault movement are explained. the tunnel is vulnerable to reverse fault rupture and itsoperation may be stopped by few displacements.