nonlinear cyclic static analysis of confined masonry walls using strut-and-tie model

Confined masonry buildings (cmbs) are often used as an earthquake resistant system even in high seismicity areas, particularly in villages and towns. this system consists of some structural masonry walls (consisting of units and mortar bands) accompanied by horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete tie/bond beams. the behavior of confined masonry buildings under seismic loading is very complicated and the correct prediction of their response depends on the accurate simulation of their components (i.e. masonry walls and rc confining tie beams) interaction. for the analysis and design of structures, macro-modelling strategy is generally adopted in common practice. however, in such a way, it should be kept in mind that in addition to the simplicity and efficiency of the strategy, it should also have a reasonable accuracy.