هوش چیست و هوشمند کیست؟ (به سوی تعریف فراگیر و یکتا برای هوش)

آﯾﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻫﻮش را ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ و ﯾﮏﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﺮد؟ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻫﻮش ﭼﯿﺴﺖ و ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﮐﯿﺴﺖ؟ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻫﻮش در روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﭘﺮدازی در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. از ﺳﻮی دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪی ﻣﺒﻨﺎی ﻧﻈﺮی در ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ. در واﻗﻊ، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﯽ از ﻫﻮش، ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ رﺳﯿﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺑﺮﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒﻫﺎی دو رده از داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان )روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن و ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ(، ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎی اﺻﻠﯽ ﻫﻮش را ﺑﺎزﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪی اﻧﻮاع ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒﻫﺎی ﻫﻮش ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازﯾﻢ. آنﮔﺎه ﺗﻼش ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﯽ ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ و ﯾﮏﭘﺎرﭼﻪ درﺑﺎرۀ ﻫﻮش و ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪی اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻃﻮریﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻫﻮش را در ﺑﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ دﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪی ژرف ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻧﺎﯾﻘﯿﻨﯽ دارد. ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪی و ﻧﺎﯾﻘﯿﻨﯽ آﺷﮑﺎرﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، و راه ﭘﯿﺶروی ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﮔﺮان رﻓﺘﺎر اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ، روﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد.

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Can intelligence be defined comprehensively and uniquely? Basically what is intelligence andWho is smart? The definition of intelligence in psychology and related general, one of the foundations of theorizing inAnalysis of human behavior. On the other hand, the definition of intelligence is the theoretical basis in design andBuild intelligent systems. In fact, with any definition of intelligence, to the intelligent systemWe will arrive differently. In this article, based on the definitions provided by two categories of scientists(Psychologists and intelligent systems specialists), identify the main components of intelligencewe do. Then, based on these components, we divide the types of definitions of intelligence. ThenWe strive to provide a unique and comprehensive definition of intelligence and intelligence so that all aspectsInclude intelligence. We will see that this definition is closely related to the concept of uncertainty.Analysts  thus clarify the connection between intelligence and uncertainty, and thus the wayHuman behavior and intelligent systems specialists become smoother. Can intelligence be defined in a comprehensive and unique way? Basically what is intelligence andWho is smart? The definition of intelligence in psychology and related general, one of the foundations of theorizing inAnalysis of human behavior. On the other hand, the definition of intelligence is the theoretical basis in design andBuild intelligent systems. In fact, with any definition of intelligence, to the intelligent systemWe will arrive differently.