مقایسه تاثیر تحریم‌های ایالات‌ متحده علیه ج.ا.ایران و ونزوئلا در دوره ریاست‌جمهوری دونالد ترامپ و تاثیرات اقتصادی آن

تحریم بخشی از دیپلماسی حاکم بر جهان کنونی است که کشورها از آن به‌عنوان ابزاری برای ارتقای منافع خود در سیاست خارجی استفاده می‌کنند. آمریکا در سیاست خارجی همواره از تحریم به‌عنوان ابزاری علیه کشورهای غیر هم‎سو با خود استفاده کرده است. ازجمله این کشورها می‌توان به جمهوری اسلامی ایران و ونزوئلا اشاره کرد که در طی دوره‌های متمادی، به‌خصوص در دوره ریاست جمهوری دونالد ترامپ با تحریم‌های شدیدی روبه رو شده‌اند. سوال نوشتار پیش رو این است که تشابه و تفاوت‌های تحریم‌های اعمالی علیه ایران و ونزوئلا چیست؟ و چه تاثیراتی بر اقتصاد دو کشور داشته است؟ مقاله بر این فرضیه استوار است که تحریم های ایران و ونزوئلا به لحاظ موضوعی و محتوایی شباهت‌های فراوانی با همدیگر دارند و در بخش آثار اقتصادی پیامدهای یکسانی ازجمله کاهش تولید و صادرات نفت، جذب سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، افزایش تورم و بیکاری را تجربه کرده‎اند. ازآنجاکه پژوهش به ‎لحاظ ماهیت مقایسه‌ای بود برای گرداوری داده‌ها از روش کتابخانه‌ای و برای تجزیه ‌و تحلیل آن از روش تحلیلی - تبیینی استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان‎ داد هرچند که تحریم‌های مذکور، در مقایسه با ونزوئلا بخش‌های گسترده‌تری از اقتصاد ایران را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است، اما به لحاظ اثربخشی، تاثیر آن بر اقتصاد ونزوئلا مخرب‌تر بوده است. همچنین در حالی ‌که درمورد ایران بیشتر تحریم‌ها حاصل دستورهای اجرایی رئیس‌جمهور بود؛ در خصوص ونزوئلا، کنگره مشارکت جدی‎تری داشته است. به‎نظر می‌رسد وابستگی شدیدتر ونزوئلا به درآمدهای نفتی، منازعات شدید داخلی و تجربه کم‌تر این کشور برای مقابله با تحریم‌ها، باعث افزایش آثار تخریبی آن‌ها نسبت به ایران شده است.

comparing effects of us sanctions against iran and venezuela during donald trump’s presidency and analyzing economic impacts

extended abstract 1- introduction sanctions are a component of the dominant diplomacy in the contemporary world. in fact, the different countries employ sanctions as a means to advance their interests in foreign policy. the united states of america has consistently used sanctions as a method of addressing countries that do not align with its interests. the islamic republic of iran and venezuela are among the countries sanctioned by the us. since the onset of the islamic revolution of iran in 1979, the united states has sanctioned tehran, citing various reasons such as the alleged support for terrorism, violation of human rights, and attempts at acquiring weapons of mass destruction. after years of negotiations and diplomacy between iran and the world powers, the joint comprehensive plan of action (jcpoa) was finally signed in 2015. as a result, some us sanctions against iran were lifted. however, following donald trump’s election as the president of the us and his withdrawal from the jcpoa, an order was issued on may 8, 2018 to re-impose sanctions against iran.another country under the us sanctions is venezuela. in fact, the us sanctions against venezuela began during the presidency of hugo chávez and intensified in 2014 with the allegations of corruption and misuse of venezuelan financial resources. with the election of nicolás maduro as the president of venezuela in 2018 and the beginning of protests against his way of governing the country, the us stepped up its sanctions against this south american country. donald trump, who had previously declared his support for maduro’s protesters, attempted to impose restrictions on maduro’s administration in the political, economic, and social spheres by issuing sanction orders, bills, and laws. the simultaneous imposition of sanctions against iran and venezuela raised the following questions: what are the similarities and differences between the sanctions imposed on these two states? additionally, what impacts have these sanctions had on their economies? 2- theoretical framework sanctions are classified as limited, moderate, or extensive actions based on their scope and as economic or non-economic decisions in terms of content. sanction theorists frequently assess the economic impacts of sanctions within the realm of macroeconomic indicators, which encompass factors such as inflation and currency rates, export and import rates, economic growth, unemployment and employment rates, and other significant economic indicators. furthermore, sanctions can have non-economic impacts on the target country, directly and indirectly affecting its cultural, political, and social values. this study analyzes the economic impacts of the sanctions imposed on iran and venezuela with a particular focus on the foregoing categories of sanctions. the key aspect of sanctions is the process by which they can prove effective. in other words, what measures should be taken to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions? in this regard, a conceptual framework was developed in this study to identify several factors that affect the effectiveness of sanctions. these factors include the number of allies of the sanctioning state, the degree of focus on vulnerable areas of the target state, the experience and adaptability of the target state to the applied sanctions, and the type, content, and intensity of sanctions.