بررسی سیاست‌های زراعی حاکمان مسلمان در قرن اول هجری

در پژوهش حاضر که به روش تاریخی انجام‌ گرفته، تلاش شده تا ضمن بررسی مختصری از وضعیت کشاورزی در عربستان پیش از اسلام، تاثیر بعثت پیامبر (ص) و سیاست‌گذاری حاکمان مسلمان بر مسئله‌ زراعت در صدر اسلام بررسی شود. هدف نوشتار پیش رو، بررسی مسئله‌ زراعت به‌عنوان یکی از مولفه‌های مهم اقتصادی در صدر اسلام و تاثیر تحولات عرصه‌ حکمرانی بر توسعه یا رکود آن است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فقدان یک حکومت متمرکز در عربستان پیش از اسلام باعث شده بود تا سیاست‌گذاری روشنی در این بخش وجود نداشته باشد. به‎دنبال ظهور اسلام، پیامبر (ص) کوشید تا ضمن اصلاح روش‌های کشاورزی، آن را تحت یک نظام اقتصادی منسجم درآورد. هرچند راهبرد نوین پیامبر (ص) زمینه حضور مسلمانان را در فعالیت‌های اقتصاد زراعی مهیا کرد، اما این راهبرد در عصر خلفای راشدین دچار رکود شد. در این دوره نگرانی از کاهش مجاهدان در سرحدات اسلامی، باعث تشویق اعراب مسلمان به حضور در دار الهجره‌ها و شرکت در جهاد گردید. این امر را می‌توان یکی از موانع عمده در مسیر استمرار سیاست‌های زراعی عصر نبوی دانست؛ اما با به قدرت رسیدن امویان، یک‌بار دیگر سیاست‌های زراعی دستخوش تغییر شد. خلفای اموی، به امر کشاورزی اهمیت دادند و به آن رونق بخشیدند. در این زمان، هم‌نشینی و مجاورت اعراب مسلمان با ساکنان کشورهای فتح‌شده در کنار کاهش اهمیت اقتصادی دیوان و سیاست سخت‌گیرانه دولت بنی‌امیه برای گنجاندن نام افراد در آن، نقش مهمی در رونق کشاورزی و توجه به امر زراعت داشت که نتیجه آن توسعه بخش کشاورزی و شکل‌گیری روستاهای جامع بود.

a review on muslim rulers’ agricultural policies in the first century after hegira

extended abstract 1- introduction studies and reviews of primary references and also recent studies carried by historians of the dawn of islam suggest the fact that most of these works is based on describing the matter of bi’tha and explaining the political and military changes in the islamic caliphs’ and rulers’ era after the prophet’s departure. hence, addressing the economic matters at the dawn of islam is not in the form of an independent topic in primary references, but it is unfocused and scattered among narrated occurrences in the history of the dawn of islam. in recent studies most of historians of the dawn of islam also focus on the generality of economic subjects in this era, such as economics of the peninsula before islam, basics of islamic economy, the relationship between religion and economy, the prophet’s economic policies, and the economics of muslims in the prophet’s and the caliphs’ era, and they rarely address the matter of agriculture as an independent matter. agriculture has a significant importance as one of the main components of economic system in every community and plays a remarkable role in providing livelihood and economic independence for such community. therefore, the current study tries to discuss and review the islamic rulers’ approach towards the matter of agriculture by focusing on this case in the first century of the history of islam. regarding the vastness of islamic lands in the first century after hegira and the remarkable historical background of agriculture in some conquered reigns such as iran and egypt it is obvious that reviewing agricultural economic changes in these reigns after the arrival of arab muslims is a matter in need of detailed and distinct discussion which is not included in this study. according to this, the main purpose of this study is only to describe the muslim rulers’ policies regarding the matter of agriculture and factors which affect these policies until the end of the first century after hegira.2- methodology considering the historical nature of the study and in order to elucidate it, this study tries to discuss and review the progress of changes in the field of muslim rulers’ policies concerning agricultural economy, using a descriptive-analytical method and by referencing to primary sources and some recent researches. 3- results discussion studies and reviews of arabia economics before the advent of islam suggest that agriculture was not thriving in this area of the world due to climate conditions such as desert nature and lack of rain. although sedentism and stable lifestyle existed in regions such as yemen since the third century bc due to appropriate climatic and natural conditions, people did not show interest in agriculture and sedentary lifestyle in most areas and nomadism, primitive lifestyle, and tent-living were common. following the prophet’s bi’tha and his immigration from mecca to medina, arabian peninsula faced new circumstances in various economic fields including agriculture. historical reports confirm that arrival of the prophet to medina city did not stop agricultural activities, but also religious teachings of islam concerning the matter of agriculture led these activities to develop and spread. but after the prophet’s departure and affected by the conquests in era of the caliphs, the rural economy and the matter of agriculture faced a new fate. in such era, we witness some kinds of change in muslim rulers’ approach towards the agriculture and rural sedentism.