مسئولیت مدنی بدون تقصیر دولت در بلایای طبیعی

ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ دوﻟﺖ در اﯾﺠﺎد ﺑﻼ ﯾﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﻧﺪارد، ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨ ﺪ. ﻃﺒﻊ ﺳﯿﺎل ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ،ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ دﮔﺮﮔﻮ ﻧﯽﻫﺎی وﺳﯿﻊ اﯾ ﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺣﻮزه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ و ﻓﻨﺎوری، ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿ ﺖﻫﺎی ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ ﻧﻮﯾ ﻦ،ﺑﺎ وﺻﻒ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ در ورود ﺧﺴﺎرت اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد. دوﻟﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﻗﺪرت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ از ﻣﺮدم در دﺳﺖ اوﺳﺖ، ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﯿﻞ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرات وارده از ﺣﻮادث ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑ ﯽﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﺑﻨﯿﺎنﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺮی ﺣﻘﻮق ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ﻧﻈﺮﯾ ﻪﻫﺎی دوﻟﺖ رﻓﺎه و ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﮐﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞﻫﺎی ﯾ ﮏ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ، ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻼ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت دﭼﺎر اﺧﺘﻼل ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﺎم از ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻧﻮ ﯾﻦ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ، ﭘﺎ ﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ دوﻟﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔ ﯿﺮﻧﺪ. در ﻓﻘﻪ و ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ و ﻗﻮا ﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﺎد ی ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاردی ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ، ﮐﻪ دوﻟﺖ ﺑﺪون اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت وارده ﺑﻪ ز ﯾﺎن دﯾ ﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﮑﻠﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ دوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﮔﺮدﯾ ﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﯿﺢ ﻣﻨﺎط از اﺣﮑﺎم ﻓﻘﻬﯽ و ﻗﻮا ﻧﯿ ﻦ ﺟﺎری، ﮐﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ آن ﺑﺪون ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪن زﯾ ﺎنﻫﺎی وارده ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ، و ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ آن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺑﻼ ﯾﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ دوﻟﺖ در اﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﻟﯿﮑﻦ ﭼﻮن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﯽ دوﻟﺖ در اﯾ ﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﯾ ﺪ از ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﺎﯾ ﺪ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻤﯽ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺒﺮان ﮐﺎﻣﻞ؛ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﯾ ﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ورود زﯾﺎن، وﺿﻌﯿﺖ زﯾ ﺎﻧﺪﯾ ﺪﮔﺎن و ﺷﺮا ﯾﻂ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی دوﻟﺖ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺲ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺎ ﻧﯽ ﺣﻮادث ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﻋﻤﻮم ﻣﺮدم و ﺣﻤﺎﯾ ﺖ دوﻟﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖآﻣﯿﺰ ﺑﻮدن ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ (ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﺎت راﻧﻨﺪﮔﯽ)، راﻫﮑﺎر اﺻﻠﯽ ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺑﻼﯾ ﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ.

civil liability without the fault of the government in natural disasters

traditional theories of civil liability are not able to cover the damage caused by natural disasters, since the government has no role in causing them. the fluid nature of civil responsibility has caused the vast transformations created in the industrial and technological field to create new civil responsibilities, with the description of the absence of any element of fault in the occurrence of damage. the government, which holds the public power on behalf of the people, cannot be indifferent to the enormous amount of damage caused by natural disasters. in terms of the theoretical foundations of public law, theories of the welfare state and social solidarity, which provide the minimums of an ordinary life, which are severely disrupted in such disasters, can be inspired by the new political and legal philosophy of the government, the foundations of civil responsibility without the fault of the government. in jurisprudence, the constitution and ordinary laws, we deal with cases where the government is obligated to compensate the victims without any fault, and civil liability has been established without the fault of the government. by revising the jurisprudence rulings and current laws, whose philosophy is not to leave damages without compensation, and extending it to the damages caused by natural disasters, it is possible to consider the government's civil responsibility in such cases. but because the government's civil liability in these cases must be provided from the public budget, the damage restoration system should be the prevailing system, not the full compensation system; that is, the factor of the loss, the state of the victims and the economic conditions of the government should be taken into account when compensating for the damage. the establishment of the general insurance fund for natural disasters with the participation of the public and the support of the government, in terms of the success of the insurance industry in similar cases (traffic accidents), is the main solution to compensation for damages caused by natural disasters.