معرفی و گونه‌شناسی نقوش دستبافت‌های سنتی و بومی تبرستان

در ﮐﺘﺐ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺎر ﯾﺨﯽ، ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﻓﺮش و ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﻔﯿﺲ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽرﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻨﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﻨﺪﮔﯽ آن ﺗﺎ اﻣﺮوز در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اداﻣﻪ دارد. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﻤﯽ درﺑﺎره ﻧﻘﻮشِ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﭘﺮآو ازه ﺗﺒﺮ ی وﺟﻮد دارد. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓ ﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ وﺟﻮد اﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻣﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و دورﺑﻮدن از ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖﻫﺎی ﻣﺮﮐﺰی، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎ ی ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، در دوران ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ، از اﯾﻦرو ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﯾﯽ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮی ﺑﺮای ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮی و ﻫﻮ ﯾﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻗﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﯾﯽ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﻧﻮاع دﺳﺘﺒﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎی ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﮐﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ دادهﻫﺎ را ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻧﻘﻮش ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ و از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮی از اﺻﻞ دﺳﺘﺒﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﺘﯽ و ﺑﻮﻣﯽِ ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﻓﻨﺪﮔﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ و ﺑﺮای ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻨﺎدی اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮد ﯾﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﯿﺶ از 150ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺎ ارزش و ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ در اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﺪ ﯾﻢ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ اﺷﮑﺎل و ﻣﻀﻤﻮن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻮش ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﺟﺎﻧﻮری، ﻧﻘﻮش ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ و اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﻦﻣﺎ ﯾﻪﻫﺎی زﯾﺎدی از ﻧﻘﻮش ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﯽ و اﺳﺎﻃﯿﺮی ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ: اﺷﮑﺎل ﺗﺮﻧﺞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ، ﮔﻞﻫﺎی ﭼﻬﺎرﭘﺮ، ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ، درﺧﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن و ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻮاﺳﺘﯿﮑﺎ، در ﻣﯿﺎن اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻮش د ﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻘﻮش ﮐﻬﻦ در ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺮی و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺻﻨﺎ ﯾﻊ ﻫﻨﺮی ﻗﺮون اوﻟﯿﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ در ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻮش ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻼم و در دوره ﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻧﯿﺎن در ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ رﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ اﻣﺮوز در دﺳﺘﺒﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﺮز در ﺗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .

interpretation and typology of traditional and native handwoven motifs of tabarestan

in historical books, tabarstan is considered one of the three major areas of iran's exquisite carpet production, and the art of weaving it continues to this day in the highlands of this region. however, there is little information about the famous tabarestan carpet motifs. the geographical location of tabarestan and its distance from the central government have preserved the cultural characteristics of this region in different historical eras, therefore, identifying the woven motifs of tabaristan can be a platform for knowing the visual elements and cultural identity of the region. the aim of the current research is to identify the traditional motifs of the native handwovens of tabaristan region. this research is of a qualitative type and has studied the data in a descriptive-analytical way. motif’s information was obtained in the field and sampling of traditional handwovens in the historical areas of tabarestan. documentary sources were used for analysis. the findings of the research show 150 valuable and old roles. these motifs can be divided into vegetable, animal, geometric and abstract motifs in terms of shapes and themes. many traces of ancient and mythological motifs can be seen among these motifs. such as: bergamot-like shapes, four-feathered flowers, mutual birds, symmetrical tree and swastika pattern. the presence of ancient motifs in tabari weavings and comparing them with the motifs of early islamic art crafts in tabarestan shows that these motifs were used in tabarestan weavings before islam and during the sassanid period. their use has continued until today in the traditional handlooms of the alborz highlands in tabarestan.